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I'm designing a high side current source that can be controlled with a Digital-to-analog and can source up to 100mA with voltage supply up to 36V. By high side I mean one side of load will be alwa...
We identify semiconducting electrical components this way: The first digit represents the number of pn junctions inside the semiconducting device The two or more digit number starting at position...
I want 3 SMPS (AC-DC) : Vout/Iout - 5V/20A , 12V/75A , 24V/30A Vin (AC) ~ 220V/50Hz I want it such that I can use Hard & Soft Kill Switches for turning off. Can you help me with the same. I tho...
Homework problem A MOSFET has a power dissipation of $P_{d} = 10\text{W}$. The MOSFET is mounted on a heatsink. There is an isolation pad between the MOSFET case and the heatsink. We are given t...
I've seen a few different circuits (a) (b) (c) (d) described as "an O-ring circuit" or "an optimal O-ring circuit". What does the "O" and the "ring" refer to in such circuits? How do "O-ring circ...
Which important system design parameters need to be locked in order to estimate the maximum allowable level of the input voltage ripple of an SMPS? I have encountered ballpark figures of <1%, &...
I have designed a PCB that I need to work in which a microcontroller drives a 24 V brushed motor. The input power to the board is 24 V, this is then lowered to 5 V by a step down converter, and thi...
Recently I have heard this opinion from experienced engineers when discussing PCB design software. The common opinion was that Allegro and Altium are supposedly professional programs whereas Eagle ...
I saw that this PCB socket: Is marked as pressfit for non-plated holes. However, can it be used with plated holes as well, or will it damage the plating inside?
I was looking at different transistors, especially MOSFETS and I saw that N type MOSFETs seem to be way more popular to be used in circuit design. Is there a reason for that, or am I mistaken?
I recently started working at a construction office in another country. I usually listen to music when working, and I saw a headphone jack in the wall, so I thought it is radio or something, I plug...
This question is asked in an addition to https://electrical.codidact.com/posts/276436 Here is a Flyback converter mentioned there: Design parameters are: Input voltage 125 volts Output volt...
I am trying to analyse what is controlling the load current in the below Darlington configuration. Is it the base current of transistor Q3 which is controlling current through R14 / emitter curr...
According to Signal processing and linear systems by Lathi, the transfer function $H(j\omega)$ does not exist for systems with poles in the RHP: - This makes sense to me, since $H(j\omega) = \fr...
I saw that equation of reactance is written like this $$I=\frac{V}{|R+X_L j|}$$ $$I=\frac{V}{|R-X_c j|}$$ When there's capacitor and inductor in a single circuit then it is written like : $$I=\...
Assume that I have some generic antenna connector, followed by a pi-filter/50ohm impedance matching components, then a DC blocking cap (as per the RF switch recommendations) and then a RF switch fo...
I have a 30MHz TCXO circuit (TCXO datasheet) like this serving as local oscillator to a RFIC: The RFIC manufacturer recommends to "add filtering caps" for high RF output cases. That is >20d...
I have designed a graph of the current in a photoresistor related to the brightness of light which hits the photoresistor. Our professor told us that it is more correct to draw the Current/Brigh...
If I connect a battery to an LC tank and then to an antenna and then on the other side at a distance x, I connect an antenna to another LC tank and this to a diode and this to an LED, Do a I have a...
As we know there exists numerous different kinds of PCB CAD software. The big ones seem to be Eagle, KiCAD, Altium, OrCAD, Solidworks, DesignSpark and probably a few more. When it comes to mechani...
RF novice here. If using a superheterodyne receiver for the purpose of FM/FSK modulated signals, I'm wondering if the location of an optional automatic gain control (AGC) circuit is always placed o...
I have a PIC32MZ2048ECG064, a 64-pin 32-bit microcontroller with 512kB RAM. This is not enough for my purposes, I need to extend it by at least 32MB, preferably 64 or 128. I believe this means I ca...
On the LEFT is what I just bought today — Globe Electric 4W (40W Equivalent) Daylight (5000K) Dimmable LED Light Bulb, G9 Bi-Pin Base, 400 Lumens, 15,000 H. Here's Globe Electric's Dimmer Compatibi...
One standard used for spacing conductors based on voltage is the IPC-2221. This standard differentiates spacing requirements for inner and outer conductors. Does the IPC minimum separation betwee...
Differential pairs, such as for ethernet or a CAN bus, can be designed to be loosely coupled or tightly coupled. For a loosely coupled differential pair, the odd-mode and even-mode impedances are ...
I am designing a PCB with somewhat limited space. To save space, I am placing some vias on component pads. However, I am not sure if this is a good practice in PCB design. As far as I understand, t...
In a 3 phase Star source-Star load circuit the phase voltage has different phase than line voltage and in a 3 phase Delta source-Delta load circuit the phase current has different phase than the li...
Suppose we have this stream of data.Let's assume the data stream lasts 1 sec. How do we find the bandwidth of the data?Do we Fourier transform the signal in order to find its components in the ...
I have no experience designing for Intrinsic Safety (IS), but need to do that now. I have read thru IEC 60079-11, which seems to be the relevant standard for my purposes. The board I need to desi...
Assume a app generates a message (stack on computer).Each layer of the sending entity will put then control information in the data depending on the protocol and transmit the data to the next lowe...
The question: Is there a way to convert from triple-phase 208VAC to single-phase 208VAC? Background: Hi everyone, I am stuck on a project I'm working on. I'd like to convert 208VAC (three phase,...
Assume we have a channel and send 7-bit data(0100100) asynchronously with 1 parity bit(0).Suppose the start bit is 1.The end bits are in the same logic level with the idle state of the channel(0).H...
The premise In a recent video by the pop-sci channel Veritasium, the concept of the flow of electricity and energy transmission in a circuit was discussed. In that video a thought experiment is pr...
Hi guys,I'm designing a multiple output flyback converter with 2 outputs at 10v@1 Amp and 5v @ 2 Amps .Input is 20 V dc Im having some problem with the implementation of closed loop. Open loop res...
In this datasheet it says that the minimum resolution is 0.1uA for the 10mA range.What is this minimum resolution?Is it the sensitivity of the multimeter for the 10mA range?
Can we find the internal resistance of a multimeter ,when we use the multimeter like a ampmeter, from its datasheet? I am trying to find the internal resistance of IDM 505 and I went to the datash...
I'm wondering if there are particular aspects of an oscilloscope probe's performance that tend to suffer, or failure points to look out for, if/when buying lower-end makes of oscilloscope probes (l...
The circuit above is used to control a 240W ceramic heater by means of a PWM signal at 30Hz, generated by a microcontroller, with 5V logic. The input is a standard 280W AC-DC external power adapt...
Hello everyone, I have a simple circuit in which I control some LEDs via an MCU and DMG2302UK ( N-channel MOSFET ) The EN pin is connected to an MCU gpio pin that works at 3.3V. The circuit wo...
Assuming we have a voltage regulator : Why do we have to ground Vin and Vout using 2 capacitors just like that?Co could be to provide a low resistance path to GND at high frequencies but what is...
A while ago I made a question about the monostable multivibrator .Lets get a picture of it: When switch is closed it enters its unstable state and it eventually returns to the stable state Howe...
I'm wondering what's the most correct term (if any) to use for "switching noise" of a radio transceiver? By that I mean the spikes that originate from turning the power amp on/off while switching b...
I have this circuit: I think that R3 acts like a feedback path from the output to the input.However I am not sure what will happen if I change the value from 100Ohms to lets say 1kOhms. I have ...
Intro Hi everyone, I have a question about the practical use of a PTC (positive thermal coefficient) resettable fuse. I've never used one before, but I'd like to add one to a DC motor circuit to p...
Modern CAN transceivers like MCP2561FD that support CAN FD with high baudrates come with an optional feature called SPLIT, which is to my understanding a reference voltage output pin used to give a...
Is it possible to drive a PMSM motor - here I am referring to an AC motor with permanent magnets(stator wounded, rotor with PM) - in a way that there is no externally mounted rotor position sensor(...
I have learnt that if we have 2 parallel conductive plates and we seperate them the capacitance is increased if we put a good conductor between the plates. Now the resonant frequency of a inductor...
In monostable multivibrators we use a trigger signal applied to the base of the transistor which is usually off to enter the astable region Can we instead have a pin which is connected directly ...
Which capacitors have smaller self resonance frequency?I would bet my money on electrolytic capacitors because they are usually much bigger than the ceramic capacitors however I don't know if they...
What is a typical value for capacitance of a real inductor? Does this internal capacitance exist only under AC and not DC?
