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Q&A

General Q&A about the design and function of electronic systems, electric power systems and infrastructure, their theory, and tools specific to those fields. Read these guidelines before posting.

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75%
+4 −0
Can confusing the plugs for earphones and microphones do any damage?

The plugs for microphones and for earphones are the same, however their functionality obviously is quite different. Now because of the same plugs it is easy to insert one of them in the wrong socke...

2 answers  ·  posted 1y ago by celtschk‭  ·  last activity 1y ago by TonyStewart‭

25%
+0 −4
DC-DC converter using Hartley oscillator and transformer [closed]

Instead of using a buck or a boost converter can we use for DC-DC conversion the circuit Im going to describe in the next lines? First we begin with a Hartley oscillator whose output is fed into ...

0 answers  ·  posted 1y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  edited 8mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

20%
+0 −6
Need help design a digital circuit which divides two binary numbers [closed]

Before the circuit here are the digital blocks which have been already designed and exist as part of the division block 1 bit subtractor: 2 bit subtractor(in the digital block diagram of the di...

0 answers  ·  posted 1y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  edited 8mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

66%
+2 −0
Resistance of digital ampmeter

Can we find the internal resistance of a multimeter ,when we use the multimeter like a ampmeter, from its datasheet? I am trying to find the internal resistance of IDM 505 and I went to the datash...

2 answers  ·  posted 2y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  edited 2y ago by Canina‭

75%
+4 −0
What is the difference between emitter and collector of a transistor?

In all descriptions of how (non-FET) transistors work I've seen, there is an inherent symmetry: There's either an n-doped layer between two p-doped, or a p-doped between two n-doped, and the descri...

2 answers  ·  posted 2y ago by celtschk‭  ·  last activity 2y ago by Olin Lathrop‭

28%
+0 −3
Current and voltage of inductor

How do I find the current through the inductor and the voltage of the inductor after the switch is closed?

2 answers  ·  posted 2y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  last activity 2y ago by MissMulan‭

40%
+0 −1
SMPS Requirements [closed]

I want 3 SMPS (AC-DC) : Vout/Iout - 5V/20A , 12V/75A , 24V/30A Vin (AC) ~ 220V/50Hz I want it such that I can use Hard & Soft Kill Switches for turning off. Can you help me with the same. I tho...

0 answers  ·  posted 2y ago by Sye‭  ·  edited 8mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

42%
+1 −2
Series RLC circuit

How to find the equation of current of the RLC circuit after the switch is moved?

1 answer  ·  posted 2y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  edited 8mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

77%
+5 −0
Buck-boost converter fed from split input supply

I have recently finished designing a buck-boost converter for a job that uses a split (+/-) input power supply. Load power is taken equally from both positive and negative input supplies and, the ...

1 answer  ·  posted 1y ago by Andy aka‭  ·  edited 8mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

60%
+1 −0
Extract DC component of mixed signal

How can we extract a DC signal from a mixed signal?If we want to extract the AC component of a signal we can use a blocking capacitor to remove any DC offset but how do we achieve the opposite?Can ...

1 answer  ·  posted 2y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  last activity 2y ago by Andy aka‭

33%
+0 −2
Small signal analysis of BJT in saturation region

The small signal analysis of a BJT when the BJT is in amplification mode: is easy.However what happens when the BJT is in saturation mode? Can we replace the dependent current source with a r...

1 answer  ·  posted 1y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  edited 1y ago by MissMulan‭

60%
+1 −0
Confusion with Wikipedia article on multivibrator circuit [closed]

A while ago I made a question about the monostable multivibrator .Lets get a picture of it: When switch is closed it enters its unstable state and it eventually returns to the stable state Howe...

0 answers  ·  posted 2y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  closed 2y ago by Olin Lathrop‭

71%
+3 −0
Trouble understanding how to use adjustable LDO regulator

The question being asked Ultimately, I want to know why the output voltage wasn't the expected (via calculation) 11.72V when the estimated drop-out voltage at the ~0.1A load was about 200mV. The i...

2 answers  ·  posted 2y ago by cosined‭  ·  edited 8mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

22%
+0 −5
Why won't this Globe Electric Dimmable LED securely fit my IKEA November Lamp? [closed]

On the LEFT is what I just bought today — Globe Electric 4W (40W Equivalent) Daylight (5000K) Dimmable LED Light Bulb, G9 Bi-Pin Base, 400 Lumens, 15,000 H. Here's Globe Electric's Dimmer Compatibi...

0 answers  ·  posted 2y ago by TextKit‭  ·  closed 2y ago by Olin Lathrop‭

71%
+3 −0
Battery voltage: to boost or to connect in series.

Background. I have a legacy battery system that is comprised of twenty-four 12V Li-ion battery modules (self-protected), enclosed in a shell with the charging connection provided as a common groun...

1 answer  ·  posted 2y ago by DSI‭  ·  last activity 2y ago by Olin Lathrop‭

60%
+1 −0
Division of binary numbers logic circuit

If we want to divide two numbers I have problem implementing this logic.I am posting 1 images with 2 different steps to the solution. In example a) the most significant digits of the divident >...

2 answers  ·  posted 2y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  edited 8mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

50%
+0 −0
Tunnel current equation

The current through the tunnel diode is: where $I_{f}$ is the current from the Shockley diode equation and $I_{tunnel}$ is the tunnel current. Is there an expression for the tunnel current or i...

0 answers  ·  posted 2y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  edited 8mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

77%
+5 −0
PNP Darlington pair as a current limiter

I am trying to analyse what is controlling the load current in the below Darlington configuration. Is it the base current of transistor Q3 which is controlling current through R14 / emitter curr...

1 answer  ·  posted 2y ago by kadamrohan16‭  ·  edited 8mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

80%
+6 −0
Standardized schematic/layout file formats for PCB CAD tools?

As we know there exists numerous different kinds of PCB CAD software. The big ones seem to be Eagle, KiCAD, Altium, OrCAD, Solidworks, DesignSpark and probably a few more. When it comes to mechani...

1 answer  ·  posted 2y ago by Lundin‭  ·  last activity 2y ago by Olin Lathrop‭

28%
+0 −3
Find feedback of circuit

I have this circuit: I think that R3 acts like a feedback path from the output to the input.However I am not sure what will happen if I change the value from 100Ohms to lets say 1kOhms. I have ...

2 answers  ·  posted 2y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  last activity 2y ago by LvW‭

77%
+5 −0
PCB Copper Layer Spacing & Voltage Rating

One standard used for spacing conductors based on voltage is the IPC-2221. This standard differentiates spacing requirements for inner and outer conductors. Does the IPC minimum separation betwee...

1 answer  ·  posted 2y ago by DavidE‭  ·  edited 2y ago by Lundin‭

60%
+1 −0
Cutoff frequency of single phase transmission line

Signals with frequency above the cutoff frequency of a transmission line cannot be transmitted through the transmission line. But how can I calculate the cutoff frequency of a single phase transm...

0 answers  ·  posted 1y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  reopened 1y ago by Olin Lathrop‭

20%
+0 −6
Electrolytic vs ceramic capacitors about self-resonance frequency

Which capacitors have smaller self resonance frequency?I would bet my money on electrolytic capacitors because they are usually much bigger than the ceramic capacitors however I don't know if they...

1 answer  ·  posted 2y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  edited 8mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

50%
+1 −1
Change of pins in monostable multivibrator

In monostable multivibrators we use a trigger signal applied to the base of the transistor which is usually off to enter the astable region Can we instead have a pin which is connected directly ...

2 answers  ·  posted 2y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  last activity 2y ago by Circuit fantasist‭

33%
+0 −2
Capacitance of inductor

What is a typical value for capacitance of a real inductor? Does this internal capacitance exist only under AC and not DC?

1 answer  ·  posted 2y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  last activity 2y ago by Olin Lathrop‭

42%
+1 −2
Critically damped oscillation issue

I have a question about this circuit:(critically damped oscillation) For a critically damped oscillation for a series RLC circuit the equation of current has this form I(t)=D1te^(-at)+D2e^(-at) ...

2 answers  ·  posted 2y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  edited 8mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

75%
+4 −0
What is this metal panel under power lines?

I was hiking around the Berkshires in western Massachusetts yesterday, and came across this metal panel where some power lines were crossing a ridge: The panel is a few meters wide, and appe...

1 answer  ·  posted 2y ago by Olin Lathrop‭  ·  last activity 2y ago by DSI‭

60%
+1 −0
Adding resistance to varactor circuit

If we a varactor and we want to control let's say the resonant frequency of the circuit ,in my schematic we must add R1 correct?Else we create a low resistance path for current to flow not through ...

2 answers  ·  posted 2y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  edited 8mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

77%
+5 −0
Unexpected impedance spike when paralleling capacitors

I was watching a video from EEVBLOG about bypass capacitors, and he presented a theory that randomly connecting different values of capacitors in parallel can create unexpected impedance spikes: ...

3 answers  ·  posted 2y ago by Elleanor Lopez‭  ·  last activity 2y ago by Andy aka‭

71%
+3 −0
Why are antenna PCB traces square instead of rounded?

While doing some reading on RF designs I ran across this paragraph: I have never designed an RF circuit, but all the PCB trace antennas I have seen on development boards are square. For example,...

2 answers  ·  posted 3y ago by Kranulis‭  ·  last activity 3y ago by TonyStewart‭

71%
+3 −0
During a Li-ion cell charge or discharge at 1C rate, are the electrode interfaces at thermodynamic equilibrium?

Is the cell voltage (at a modest charging rate) mostly determined by thermodynamics on the electrode surfaces and resistances of electrolyte and electrode particles, or there is a non-negligible ki...

1 answer  ·  posted 3y ago by leventov‭  ·  last activity 3y ago by coquelicot‭

16%
+0 −8
HOW TO OPTIMIZE POWER USAGE FOR HOME [closed]

I HAVE A METER LIKE THIS BEHIND MY HOUSE MY NEIGBOR SLOWED IT DOWN SOMEHOW HE SAID HE OPENED IT UP AND DID SOMETHING TO IT NOW HE PAYS LOWER ELECTRICAL BILLS THAN ME BUT HE HAS COLLEGE DEGREE IN ...

0 answers  ·  posted 2y ago by ElectroRat‭  ·  edited 2y ago by Olin Lathrop‭

66%
+2 −0
$Q$ and $\overline{Q}$ in bistable multivibrator

In this bistable multivibrator which is $Q$ and which is $\overline{Q}$?

1 answer  ·  posted 2y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  last activity 2y ago by Olin Lathrop‭

75%
+4 −0
Meaning of some components around voltage reference in SMPS

I have generated flyback convertor schematic by TI's Webench Power Designer. Parameters: universal AC input (85-265V AC) 5V, 2A output isolated UC3843A controller Basically I understand f...

2 answers  ·  posted 3y ago by Chupacabras‭  ·  last activity 3y ago by a concerned citizen‭

81%
+11 −1
Why are some PCB design software programs considered to be 'hobbyist' programs?

Recently I have heard this opinion from experienced engineers when discussing PCB design software. The common opinion was that Allegro and Altium are supposedly professional programs whereas Eagle ...

3 answers  ·  posted 2y ago by Wilkins Ticklebum‭  ·  last activity 8mo ago by Sclrx‭

66%
+2 −0
What is the purpose of paralleling capacitors on the input/output of a power converter?

In the design of a power converter, picking the appropriate capacitors for the input and output of the converter is quite important. It is relatively easy to calculate the necessary values for a gi...

1 answer  ·  posted 3y ago by Mu3‭  ·  last activity 3y ago by Olin Lathrop‭

75%
+4 −0
Design considerations for a synchronous DC/DC converter

In the field of DC/DC conversion, one can build a synchronous DC/DC converter (also referred to as synchronous rectification). This practice involves replacing a diode with a MOSFET switch. As far...

2 answers  ·  posted 3y ago by Mu3‭  ·  edited 8mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

66%
+2 −0
Select resistor for a diode

Suppose we have this circuit How do I pick a appropriate value for the resistor R1?

3 answers  ·  posted 2y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  edited 8mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

55%
+3 −2
Who is familiar with PocketLink semiconductor and or Tesla Model 3 electronics

I got my hands on a Tesla Model 3 aftermarket module (Display/Cluster) The IC's are labled with the brand 'PocketLink' Id like to know more about what these parts are. Chip1: PocketLink B2 003...

0 answers  ·  posted 3y ago by Steven83‭  ·  edited 3y ago by Lundin‭

77%
+5 −0
Design considerations for a differential pair

Differential pairs, such as for ethernet or a CAN bus, can be designed to be loosely coupled or tightly coupled. For a loosely coupled differential pair, the odd-mode and even-mode impedances are ...

1 answer  ·  posted 2y ago by DavidE‭  ·  last activity 2y ago by Olin Lathrop‭

71%
+3 −0
How could you model a 10M/100M Ethernet PHY architecture?

Application notes for microcontrollers or other ICs that have an internal 10M/100M ethernet PHY module differ in their requirements for the external interface components. It seems that the PHY des...

1 answer  ·  posted 3y ago by DavidE‭  ·  last activity 3y ago by Olin Lathrop‭

44%
+2 −3
Parallel RLC circuit

How to find the equation of voltage of the top common node of R1,L1 and C1 after the switch is moved?

1 answer  ·  posted 2y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  edited 8mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

69%
+7 −2
Why is the resistance of water so high and still so dangerous?

Measuring the resistance of water from my tap I got 500kOhm. Adding considerable amount of salt brought it down to 20kOhm: The question I have is why water is such a danger for short circuits if t...

4 answers  ·  posted 3y ago by Kranulis‭  ·  edited 8mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

66%
+2 −0
Diodes used in mixers

Suppose we have this circuit which is supposed to be an unbalanced frequency mixer. But how does the diode generate a signal with new frequencies at the output?

2 answers  ·  posted 2y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  edited 8mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

71%
+3 −0
Case temperature of MOSFET

Homework problem A MOSFET has a power dissipation of $P_{d} = 10\text{W}$. The MOSFET is mounted on a heatsink. There is an isolation pad between the MOSFET case and the heatsink. We are given t...

1 answer  ·  posted 2y ago by Carl‭  ·  edited 8mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

60%
+1 −0
Voltage and Current of capacitor

How do I find the voltage of the capacitor and the current through the capacitor after the switch is closed?

1 answer  ·  posted 2y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  last activity 2y ago by MissMulan‭

60%
+1 −0
Unexpected phase shift in results

I find the current flowing through the capacitor $$\begin{align} I_{C_1}(t)&=\dfrac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t}\left[V_1(t)-I_{C_1}(t)R_1\right] \\ {}&= \dfrac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t}\left...

2 answers  ·  posted 3y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  last activity 3y ago by coquelicot‭

57%
+2 −1
2 bit subtractor using full subtractor

Can we make a n-bit subtractor using full subtractors or if we want do subtract one binary from another we must use full adders and use the complement of the 2nd number to do the subtraction? I ha...

1 answer  ·  posted 2y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  edited 8mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

71%
+3 −0
H(jω) does not exist for unstable systems, but we still use it when designing controllers - contradiction?

According to Signal processing and linear systems by Lathi, the transfer function $H(j\omega)$ does not exist for systems with poles in the RHP: - This makes sense to me, since $H(j\omega) = \fr...

3 answers  ·  posted 2y ago by Carl‭  ·  edited 8mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

28%
+0 −3
Is it safe to cover a floor lamp, with an Aluminum metal pie plate? [closed]

Please see the image below. I'm trying to convert my IKEA NYFORS floor lamp into a reading light, by covering the top with an Aluminium pie plate. Will this be a fire or electrical hazard? Does an...

0 answers  ·  posted 2y ago by TextKit‭  ·  closed 2y ago by Olin Lathrop‭