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Q&A

General Q&A about the design and function of electronic systems, electric power systems and infrastructure, their theory, and tools specific to those fields. Read these guidelines before posting.

Filters (None)
83%
+8 −0
How long does it take for energy to propagate in a circuit?

The premise In a recent video by the pop-sci channel Veritasium, the concept of the flow of electricity and energy transmission in a circuit was discussed. In that video a thought experiment is pr...

5 answers  ·  posted 2y ago by Mu3‭  ·  last activity 2y ago by coquelicot‭

75%
+4 −0
Level shifting of a 3 state logic pin

I want to design a simple battery charger using MCP73831/2. This chip has a 3-State state pin according to the table below: I have a 3.3V MCU and I want to connect this pin to a GPIO. The MCU is...

2 answers  ·  posted 2y ago by dekker‭  ·  last activity 2mo ago by Nick Alexeev‭

66%
+2 −0
MOSFET differential to single ended converter intuition

How does the differential to single ended converter work? In order for the circuit to work, Q1 and Q3 must be in the saturation region and depending on the voltage inputs, one of Q2 and Q4 will be...

1 answer  ·  posted 2y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  edited 2y ago by Peter Mortensen‭

66%
+2 −0
Diode like a frequency mixer

Based on this paper on Wiki a diode can be described as a frequency mixer due to the exponential relationship between current and voltage.What I don't get from which point to which point do we meas...

1 answer  ·  posted 2y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  edited 8mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

60%
+1 −0
Is it possible to design an n-bit full adder using SystemVerilog?

I am trying to design a full adder in SystemVerilog. I searched on Wikipedia and I found this https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Microprocessor_Design/Add_and_Subtract_Blocks module full_...

1 answer  ·  posted 3y ago by System‭  ·  last activity 3y ago by System‭

75%
+4 −0
Oscilloscope potentially ESD striked

I have a Rigol DS1104 oscilloscope. Last week I stood up quickly from my table and saw a spike on the scope. Right now all the channels have a DC offset when probe is connected to ground or unconne...

2 answers  ·  posted 2y ago by ScopeMan‭  ·  last activity 1y ago by Lundin‭

66%
+2 −0
What is the purpose of paralleling capacitors on the input/output of a power converter?

In the design of a power converter, picking the appropriate capacitors for the input and output of the converter is quite important. It is relatively easy to calculate the necessary values for a gi...

1 answer  ·  posted 3y ago by Mu3‭  ·  last activity 3y ago by Olin Lathrop‭

50%
+1 −1
High Power Switch - High Side vs. Low Side Switching

Imagine a battery pack with <=60VDC of maximum voltage and a load of up to 10kW of power(the PMSM inverter with the input capacitance of up to 1mF). The load is not always known - could be 100uF...

2 answers  ·  posted 3y ago by 2kind‭  ·  last activity 3y ago by Olin Lathrop‭

80%
+6 −0
Location of AGC in a superheterodyne RX chain

RF novice here. If using a superheterodyne receiver for the purpose of FM/FSK modulated signals, I'm wondering if the location of an optional automatic gain control (AGC) circuit is always placed o...

0 answers  ·  posted 2y ago by Lundin‭

71%
+3 −0
3+3 doesn’t show 6

I have a problem which I don’t understand how to solve. I have this 2-bit adder, but when I select A1AO to be (11)2 3 and B1BO to be (11)2 3 and run it on Logisim it doesn’t show me 6. Instead it s...

2 answers  ·  posted 2y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  edited 8mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

72%
+6 −1
How to protect RF switches from ESD?

Assume that I have some generic antenna connector, followed by a pi-filter/50ohm impedance matching components, then a DC blocking cap (as per the RF switch recommendations) and then a RF switch fo...

4 answers  ·  posted 2y ago by Lundin‭  ·  last activity 6mo ago by Nick Alexeev‭

RF
75%
+4 −0
Thermal relief for through-hole on multi-layer PCB

When using through-hole ("THR") connectors on a multi-layer PCB, I frequently notice problems with the ground pins, when these are connected to the ground plane(s) through various "thermal relief" ...

1 answer  ·  posted 2y ago by Lundin‭  ·  edited 2y ago by Nick Alexeev‭

80%
+6 −0
DAC controlled high side current source.

I'm designing a high side current source that can be controlled with a Digital-to-analog and can source up to 100mA with voltage supply up to 36V. By high side I mean one side of load will be alwa...

1 answer  ·  posted 2y ago by DeadMouse‭  ·  last activity 2y ago by Olin Lathrop‭

66%
+2 −0
PCT2075 temperature sensor accuracy

I read datasheet for PCT2075 temperature sensor and there are some contradicting data about accuracy for me. Page 21: accuracy ±1°C (Tamb = -25°C to +100°C) accuracy ±2°C (Tamb = -55°C to +125°C...

1 answer  ·  posted 3y ago by Chupacabras‭  ·  last activity 3y ago by Olin Lathrop‭

50%
+0 −0
How do "O-ring circuit" differ from an "ORing circuit" or "OR-ing circuit", or are they synonyms? [closed]

I've seen a few different circuits (a) (b) (c) (d) described as "an O-ring circuit" or "an optimal O-ring circuit". What does the "O" and the "ring" refer to in such circuits? How do "O-ring circ...

0 answers  ·  posted 2y ago by DavidCary‭  ·  edited 8mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

50%
+1 −1
Current and voltage in AC circuits without impedance

How can we find the equation of current and voltage of a capacitor circuit if the input voltage is AC without using the impedance formula Xc = -jωC?. We have for homework to find the equation of...

1 answer  ·  posted 3y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  last activity 3y ago by Olin Lathrop‭

77%
+5 −0
Capacitor ESR vs. Impedance

One of the ceramic capacitors that I've found(link to the capacitor) specifies the following characteristics at 10 kHz: The difference in value is quite significant, almost 100 fold. Which grap...

3 answers  ·  posted 3y ago by 2kind‭  ·  last activity 3y ago by TonyStewart‭

60%
+1 −0
Why is the Linear Time-Invariant System (LTI) dominant in Signal processing?

I just want to know why the Linear time-invariant(LTI) systems are a rich class in Signal Processing. Ofcourse there are different systems but still LTI is stressed a lot in academia. Is there any ...

1 answer  ·  posted 3y ago by aditya98‭  ·  last activity 3y ago by Olin Lathrop‭

22%
+0 −5
Why won't this Globe Electric Dimmable LED securely fit my IKEA November Lamp? [closed]

On the LEFT is what I just bought today — Globe Electric 4W (40W Equivalent) Daylight (5000K) Dimmable LED Light Bulb, G9 Bi-Pin Base, 400 Lumens, 15,000 H. Here's Globe Electric's Dimmer Compatibi...

0 answers  ·  posted 2y ago by TextKit‭  ·  closed 2y ago by Olin Lathrop‭

71%
+3 −0
Measuring Input/Output Impedance with a VNA

On paper you can measure the input impedance of an amplifier circuit by attaching a voltage source to the input, shorting the output, and calculating the resulting impedance from the voltage and cu...

1 answer  ·  posted 3y ago by jm567‭  ·  last activity 3y ago by coquelicot‭

42%
+1 −2
Splitting of message inside the layers [closed]

Assume a app generates a message (stack on computer).Each layer of the sending entity will put then control information in the data depending on the protocol and transmit the data to the next lowe...

0 answers  ·  posted 2y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  closed 2y ago by Nick Alexeev‭

60%
+1 −0
Unexpected phase shift in results

I find the current flowing through the capacitor $$\begin{align} I_{C_1}(t)&=\dfrac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t}\left[V_1(t)-I_{C_1}(t)R_1\right] \\ {}&= \dfrac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t}\left...

2 answers  ·  posted 3y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  last activity 3y ago by coquelicot‭

77%
+5 −0
Is there a way to reliably measure antenna return loss outside a lab?

Assume I'm a complete beginner at RF. Is there a way to measure return loss of an antenna, in such a manner that I can reliably reproduce the measurement later on? What I'm talking about is produ...

2 answers  ·  posted 3y ago by Lundin‭  ·  last activity 1y ago by TonyStewart‭

60%
+1 −0
Mixers and Audio Extraction in a DCR Architecture

I want to make a simple 7MHz direct conversion SSB receiver in order to materialize some RF concepts I have been teaching myself lately. My question revolves around the mixer portion. I'm failing t...

1 answer  ·  posted 3y ago by jm567‭  ·  edited 3y ago by jm567‭

42%
+1 −2
Critically damped oscillation issue

I have a question about this circuit:(critically damped oscillation) For a critically damped oscillation for a series RLC circuit the equation of current has this form I(t)=D1te^(-at)+D2e^(-at) ...

2 answers  ·  posted 2y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  edited 8mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

81%
+7 −0
High Speed Design - Which grounding strategy to choose?

Although I have done multiple PCB designs which passed FCC and CE equivalents using the MCU's/Multiple MCU's, I have a doubt about how to approach the high speed design using FPGA SoC - main thing ...

1 answer  ·  posted 3y ago by 2kind‭  ·  last activity 3y ago by Olin Lathrop‭

71%
+3 −0
H(jω) does not exist for unstable systems, but we still use it when designing controllers - contradiction?

According to Signal processing and linear systems by Lathi, the transfer function $H(j\omega)$ does not exist for systems with poles in the RHP: - This makes sense to me, since $H(j\omega) = \fr...

3 answers  ·  posted 2y ago by Carl‭  ·  edited 8mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

37%
+1 −3
What is the popular 12 V DC jack connector?

I'm designing a PCB for a project. 12 volt input power supply is provided externally, so the user will buy a power adapter, so putting a popular DC jack on the PCB is the best choice.

2 answers  ·  posted 3y ago by vigneshtnj‭  ·  last activity 2y ago by DavidCary‭

75%
+4 −0
ESD USB Shield Connection & Filtering

I have a handheld ARM Cortex M based device, which has a USB input port. The product is battery powered and there is no metal chassis. We are going through CE testing, and are having ESD issues a...

4 answers  ·  posted 3y ago by leroy105‭  ·  last activity 2y ago by Pete W‭

66%
+2 −0
Driving ADC with opamp with large rails

In the image below is an opamp buffer with +/- 15v rails connected to a 3.3v ADC. The input to the opamp is limited to 0-3v. There is no protection circuitry for the ADC. Is the risk of the opam...

3 answers  ·  posted 3y ago by z3333‭  ·  last activity 3y ago by coquelicot‭

60%
+1 −0
Max V/Hz value for motor

I want to run a specific motor in the open loop. How to calculate the maximum ratio of V/f to run it? Am I looking at Ld or Lq value for this? Let's say these are the characteristics - haven't ch...

2 answers  ·  posted 3y ago by 2kind‭  ·  edited 8mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

71%
+3 −0
Why Ib=const. for BJT output characteristics Ic=f(Vce)

Introduction: In some books and other technical papers (also from universities) it is - surprisingly - still claimed that the bipolar transistor (BJT) would be a current-controlled element. This is...

4 answers  ·  posted 3y ago by LvW‭  ·  edited 8mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

66%
+2 −0
Understanding the s11 and s21 coefficients of a microstrip line with resistor to ground

I thought I understood the theory of scattering parameters, smith charts etc. until I tried a practical example. The following stupid example is supposed to be a microstrip line shunted by two 100...

2 answers  ·  posted 3y ago by coquelicot‭  ·  edited 8mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

50%
+1 −1
MOSFET not turning completely off

Hello everyone, I have a simple circuit in which I control some LEDs via an MCU and DMG2302UK ( N-channel MOSFET ) The EN pin is connected to an MCU gpio pin that works at 3.3V. The circuit wo...

1 answer  ·  posted 2y ago by AhmedMobarez‭  ·  last activity 2y ago by Olin Lathrop‭

71%
+3 −0
Using FET based followers and design rules

Usually, voltage followers are built with bipolar transistors (or with opamps if better precision is needed). In this case, the simple rule says that the transistor emitter "follows" the input vol...

5 answers  ·  posted 3y ago by coquelicot‭  ·  last activity 3y ago by TonyStewart‭

37%
+1 −3
Bandwidth of serial signal

Suppose we have this stream of data.Let's assume the data stream lasts 1 sec. How do we find the bandwidth of the data?Do we Fourier transform the signal in order to find its components in the ...

1 answer  ·  posted 2y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  edited 8mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

75%
+4 −0
How to estimate time of completion while developing an electronic product?

I don't know whether this question is on-topic or not but answering this helps a lot of future electronics entrepreneurs like me understand how the product design and development time estimation ta...

5 answers  ·  posted 3y ago by aditya98‭  ·  last activity 3y ago by TonyStewart‭

71%
+3 −0
Why is the ACK (acknowledge bit) in the CAN bus frames dominant? What could have been the rationale behind that design decision?

[I’m asking this question out of curiosity. I understand that this aspect of the CAN bus specification is what it is, and can not change.] The ACK bit in any CAN data frame is dominant. Each rece...

2 answers  ·  posted 3y ago by Nick Alexeev‭  ·  last activity 3y ago by Olin Lathrop‭

71%
+3 −0
Flyback converter design

Hi guys,I'm designing a multiple output flyback converter with 2 outputs at 10v@1 Amp and 5v @ 2 Amps .Input is 20 V dc Im having some problem with the implementation of closed loop. Open loop res...

2 answers  ·  posted 2y ago by Sriram14‭  ·  edited 8mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

44%
+2 −3
Parallel RLC circuit

How to find the equation of voltage of the top common node of R1,L1 and C1 after the switch is moved?

1 answer  ·  posted 2y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  edited 8mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

50%
+2 −2
Why does AC frequency affect my microwave's RPM?

I used to live in the United States, and my microwave ovens' turntables turned at six rotations per minute (RPM). I now live in Israel, and my microwave oven's turntable rotates at five RPM. Annoye...

1 answer  ·  posted 3y ago by msh210‭  ·  last activity 3y ago by Olin Lathrop‭

75%
+4 −0
Is a BJT 3-transistor Wilson mirror faster than a simple mirror?

My question is trying to understand if there is an effect on the switching time, on both turn-on and turn-off, between the following configurations. A mirror set up to switch a current, and there ...

1 answer  ·  posted 3y ago by Pete W‭  ·  edited 8mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

85%
+10 −0
Why 3.3V instead of 3V?

Usual values used in doing electronics/power supplies are almost always round numbers: 5V 12V 28V 48V 60V I understand that in some cases ICs are built to accept the voltage directly comi...

4 answers  ·  posted 3y ago by 2kind‭  ·  last activity 7mo ago by TonyStewart‭

60%
+1 −0
Control circuit for Power Converters

There is always a mixed response when comparing power management ICs (PMIC) and microcontrollers in the application of power converters (I mean as pwm controllers). What are the advantages and dis...

2 answers  ·  posted 3y ago by aditya98‭  ·  last activity 3y ago by Olin Lathrop‭

50%
+0 −0
What is minimum resolution here?

In this datasheet it says that the minimum resolution is 0.1uA for the 10mA range.What is this minimum resolution?Is it the sensitivity of the multimeter for the 10mA range?

1 answer  ·  posted 2y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  last activity 2y ago by dsr‭

71%
+3 −0
Is it always necessary to use the ground terminal of the oscilloscope probe?

Assume my oscilloscope is grounded, and the DUT is grounded as well (earth ground). I am using a standard 10 Mohm impedance 1:10 passive probe. So, the ground terminal of the probe is in fact con...

2 answers  ·  posted 3y ago by coquelicot‭  ·  edited 8mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

75%
+4 −0
Capacitor in 2nd stage of opamp

Inside a op-amp after the stage where the differential signal is converted to single ended , there is further amplification of the DC signal.For AC signals there is a capacitor parallel to the tran...

1 answer  ·  posted 2y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  last activity 8mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

71%
+3 −0
How could you model a 10M/100M Ethernet PHY architecture?

Application notes for microcontrollers or other ICs that have an internal 10M/100M ethernet PHY module differ in their requirements for the external interface components. It seems that the PHY des...

1 answer  ·  posted 3y ago by DavidE‭  ·  last activity 3y ago by Olin Lathrop‭

33%
+0 −2
Voltage of tank circuit is invalid

In a previous question we found that for a critically damped oscillation: $$ I(t) = 2 t e^{-0.5 t} $$But if we integrate to find the voltage through the capacitor: $$ V_{CO} + \frac{1}{C} \cd...

1 answer  ·  posted 2y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  edited 8mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

60%
+1 −0
Division of binary numbers logic circuit

If we want to divide two numbers I have problem implementing this logic.I am posting 1 images with 2 different steps to the solution. In example a) the most significant digits of the divident >...

2 answers  ·  posted 2y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  edited 8mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭