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Q&A

General Q&A about the design and function of electronic systems, electric power systems and infrastructure, their theory, and tools specific to those fields. Read these guidelines before posting.

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+1 −1
how to figure out the max power of a transformer?

I have a MOT that is rated 220V-50Hz only and i need to know its maximum operating power i tried to google the reference number but unable to find anything about its power, so how to figure out the...

2 answers  ·  posted 2mo ago by deleted user  ·  last activity 2mo ago by Jasen‭

66%
+4 −1
How Relay inrush current limiter works?

In this circuit below the relay circuit part is acting as an inrush current limiter, but I can't understand how it works since the current is flowing in both conditions where the relay is open or c...

1 answer  ·  posted 2mo ago by deleted user  ·  last activity 2mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

66%
+2 −0
Why arc welding does not require high voltage to arc?

I've heared that arc welding is getting done with low voltage. As I know arcing requires high voltage. The how arc welding is done with about 50 volt. In my opinion I've thought we need kilovolts f...

2 answers  ·  posted 2mo ago by mohammadsdtmnd‭  ·  last activity 2mo ago by rdtsc‭

66%
+2 −0
Using arc trace routing instead of 45 degree trace routing

Most modern CAD software for PCB design offers arc trace routing or a form of conversion between 45/90 degree angel trace routing and arc trace routing. Despite this, the overwhelming majority of c...

2 answers  ·  posted 19d ago by Mu3‭  ·  last activity 17d ago by DSI‭

25%
+0 −4
BJT common emitter amplifier equivalent circuit (π hybrid model) [closed]

Im studying the equivalent model of a BJT common emitter amplifier at high frequencies.At university we tought that the BJT at high frequencies looks something like this: However when designing ...

0 answers  ·  posted 5mo ago by MissMulan‭  ·  closed 5mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

75%
+4 −0
Low-pass filter after the output DAC in CD players

[Disclaimer. This is not for an academic class. I'm self-studying.] I’m reading an introductory book on DSP for audio and computer music [Steiglitz 1996, ISBN 0-8053-1684-1 p. 287]. One of the ...

3 answers  ·  posted 6mo ago by Nick Alexeev‭  ·  last activity 5mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

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+4 −0
Deriving resistor values for a taper pad attenuator

A taper pad is a resistive attenuator that maintains impedances on both ports and provides a specific amount of gain-loss ($A_{12}$): - I have derived formulas for each resistor (that I know to ...

2 answers  ·  posted 6mo ago by Andy aka‭  ·  last activity 6mo ago by a concerned citizen‭

66%
+2 −0
How to check realistic specs of small solar panel?

I have a small solar panel rated for 6V/DC, 150mA. I know that those specs are under ideal circumstances, and I would like to do some measurements in different weather conditions to see what I can ...

3 answers  ·  posted 3mo ago by Keelan‭  ·  last activity 2mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

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+1 −0
Results of analysis of Hartley oscillator dont make sense

I want to find the conditions of oscillation of the following Hartley oscillator.I have attached a load (ZL) to my Hartley oscillator I have written KCL for nodes A,B: For node A: $$\frac{V_{A...

3 answers  ·  posted 8mo ago by MissMulan‭  ·  last activity 8mo ago by TonyStewart‭

77%
+5 −0
Buck-boost converter fed from split input supply

I have recently finished designing a buck-boost converter for a job that uses a split (+/-) input power supply. Load power is taken equally from both positive and negative input supplies and, the ...

1 answer  ·  posted 5mo ago by Andy aka‭  ·  edited 5mo ago by Andy aka‭

57%
+2 −1
pH Electrode Buffer - Offset when solution grounded

Problem pH electrode buffer offset appears when solution is grounded. Detail I have a pH electrode in some conductive solution (~1000uS). The output (measurement electrode) is buffered by an el...

2 answers  ·  posted 6mo ago by rherma‭  ·  last activity 6mo ago by TonyStewart‭

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+5 −1
Minimizing Common Mode Radiation - Separating Grounds

There are various different methods to keep common mode currents off the cables, one of them being discussed on the site here and with Olin's decoupling caps post on StackExchange. Slight digressio...

1 answer  ·  posted 4mo ago by 2kind‭  ·  last activity 4mo ago by TonyStewart‭

33%
+0 −2
Effect of adding stages to a filter

Suppose we have a RC low pass filter of 1st order. If we add multiple stages every time we add a RC stage identical to our original does the slope of the curve in the bode plot db/Hz becomes wild...

2 answers  ·  posted 9mo ago by MissMulan‭  ·  last activity 5mo ago by a concerned citizen‭

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+0 −0
pulse dissaper in digital scope just by looking at different signal in other channel.

I have HANTEK 6022BE, and I'm monitoring tree signal using it, FS (Frame sync clock) Pulse Transfer complete I'm using two channel of scope to monitor pair of these. The problem is when I'...

1 answer  ·  posted 3mo ago by mohammadsdtmnd‭  ·  last activity 3mo ago by mohammadsdtmnd‭

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+0 −0
Finding voltage gain of Hartley oscillator

I am trying to find the AC analysis of a BJT Hartley oscillator but I cannot continue. How do I find the voltage gain? When no feedback is there, we just find the output resistance and the current...

1 answer  ·  posted 9mo ago by MissMulan‭  ·  edited 9mo ago by MissMulan‭

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+0 −2
Op Amp Hartley oscillator

Im designing a Hartley oscillator this time with a opamp providing the open-loop gain.I have tried drawing the small-signal analysis of my circuit to use KVL and KCL to find the conditions of opera...

1 answer  ·  posted 8mo ago by MissMulan‭  ·  last activity 8mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

71%
+3 −0
What are the key programming skills for an embedded systems engineer?

I am looking to improve my knowledge of embedded systems programming, specifically regarding microcontrollers and embedded Linux systems. A lot of the information that can be found regarding C/C++...

1 answer  ·  posted 8mo ago by Mu3‭  ·  last activity 8mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

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+0 −3
Thermal stability coefficient

The thermal stability coefficient is defined to be: $S = \frac{dI_{C}}{dI_{CBO}}$ where $I_{CBO}$ is the reverse current of the BJT when voltage isnt applied to the base of the BJT. In case of a ...

1 answer  ·  posted 5mo ago by MissMulan‭  ·  last activity 5mo ago by TonyStewart‭

33%
+0 −2
Small signal analysis of BJT in saturation region

The small signal analysis of a BJT when the BJT is in amplification mode: is easy.However what happens when the BJT is in saturation mode? Can we replace the dependent current source with a r...

1 answer  ·  posted 8mo ago by MissMulan‭  ·  edited 8mo ago by MissMulan‭

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+0 −0
Modelling tunnel diode relaxation oscillator

I have been trying to model this oscillator I was wondering if we can somehow predict the frequency of the oscillations.For small currents inside a diode from the Shockley diode equation $$ e^{x...

1 answer  ·  posted 8mo ago by MissMulan‭  ·  last activity 8mo ago by a concerned citizen‭

77%
+5 −0
Unexpected impedance spike when paralleling capacitors

I was watching a video from EEVBLOG about bypass capacitors, and he presented a theory that randomly connecting different values of capacitors in parallel can create unexpected impedance spikes: ...

3 answers  ·  posted 10mo ago by Elleanor Lopez‭  ·  last activity 10mo ago by Andy aka‭

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+3 −0
Testing instrumentation amplifier with differential signal

I am using the AD620 as instrumentation amplifier to amplify the body's ECG signal. An ECG is a differential signal (measured with two electrodes) and I want a differential gain of Gd=1000 . The ...

3 answers  ·  posted 20d ago by Carl‭  ·  last activity 15d ago by TonyStewart‭

20%
+0 −6
Need help design a digital circuit which divides two binary numbers [closed]

Before the circuit here are the digital blocks which have been already designed and exist as part of the division block 1 bit subtractor: 2 bit subtractor(in the digital block diagram of the di...

0 answers  ·  posted 8mo ago by MissMulan‭  ·  closed 8mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

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+1 −2
Find Q point in common base BJT configuration

Suppose we have this graph: How can we find the operating point (Q)?In common emitter collector we just draw a line from the vertical axis (Ic) at the point (0,VCC/RC) to the horizontal axis a...

1 answer  ·  posted 10mo ago by MissMulan‭  ·  last activity 9mo ago by Circuit fantasist‭

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+4 −0
Can confusing the plugs for earphones and microphones do any damage?

The plugs for microphones and for earphones are the same, however their functionality obviously is quite different. Now because of the same plugs it is easy to insert one of them in the wrong socke...

2 answers  ·  posted 7mo ago by celtschk‭  ·  last activity 6mo ago by TonyStewart‭

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+5 −0
Unterminated SPI bus needs expansion board to work properly

I'm supporting a piece of legacy hardware that routes the SPI bus through a set of headers to an expansion board. Since the expansion board doesn't actually use the SPI bus, we simply ignored the ...

1 answer  ·  posted 3mo ago by TimH‭  ·  last activity 3mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

71%
+3 −0
Pick & place file generated by Altium does not match the actual component rotations/positions

I am generating files for manufacturing my design in Altium 22 and ordering through Eurocircuits. What I noticed during the ordering process is that the rotation of many components (and sometimes ...

1 answer  ·  posted 8mo ago by Mu3‭  ·  last activity 8mo ago by DSI‭

71%
+3 −0
Energy harvesting from non-invasive current sense transformer

I have a non-invasive current sense transformer (SCT-013-030) which according to its datasheet it is voltage output type. I want to harvest energy and supply a wireless sensor that consumes 5-6 uA...

1 answer  ·  posted 5mo ago by DeadMouse‭  ·  last activity 5mo ago by Andy aka‭

33%
+0 −2
How to calculate the voltage of a coil?

Hi guys, I need to calculate the voltage that will center the magnetic field of a coil. The coil gonna be used in an induction heater thank you. Edit: I edited the paragraph because it was misu...

3 answers  ·  posted 4mo ago by deleted user  ·  last activity 4mo ago by jonathan_the_seagull‭

66%
+4 −1
Duty cycle of buck-boost converter

I have the following problem: - Using Wikipedia I find that during CCM we have the relation: - $$\frac{V_{out}}{V_{in}} = -\frac{D}{1-D} $$ Solving for $D$ and inserting values gives me $...

2 answers  ·  posted 1y ago by Carl‭  ·  last activity 1y ago by Olin Lathrop‭

25%
+0 −4
DC-DC converter using Hartley oscillator and transformer [closed]

Instead of using a buck or a boost converter can we use for DC-DC conversion the circuit Im going to describe in the next lines? First we begin with a Hartley oscillator whose output is fed into ...

0 answers  ·  posted 8mo ago by MissMulan‭  ·  edited 8mo ago by MissMulan‭

22%
+0 −5
Band pass filter given cutoff frequency and bandwidth

I have decided to try design a band-pass filter with a cut-off frequency of 10kHz and bandwidth of 2 Hz. $$ \frac{1}{\sqrt{LC}} = 10001 \rightarrow LC = 1/100020001 sec^{2}$$ $$ \frac{R}{L} = 2...

2 answers  ·  posted 9mo ago by MissMulan‭  ·  edited 9mo ago by MissMulan‭

77%
+5 −0
Siglent1104 oscilloscope channels lagging

First I noticed that clock begins before chipselect gets pulled low on SPI. After eliminating potential sources I started to suspect the scope. I connected all 4 channels to function generator at d...

3 answers  ·  posted 9mo ago by Elleanor Lopez‭  ·  last activity 8mo ago by Elleanor Lopez‭

66%
+2 −0
Audio OpAmp requirements

As we know audio has high dynamic range. It means 120dB dynamic range of human ear causes to hear 1 million time samaller that highest undistorted accoustic wave. Then I think for high end audio we...

1 answer  ·  posted 2mo ago by mohammadsdtmnd‭  ·  last activity 2mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

33%
+0 −2
How to design a low-pass filter when certain conditions must be met

I am designing a low-pass filter with cut-off frequency = 100Hz and after the cutoff frequency from -3dB to -10dB the average decrease in db/Hz = -0.1 db/Hz.I know how to design a low-pass filter ...

2 answers  ·  posted 9mo ago by MissMulan‭  ·  edited 9mo ago by MissMulan‭

66%
+2 −0
Level shifting of a 3 state logic pin

I want to design a simple battery charger using MCP73831/2. This chip has a 3-State state pin according to the table below: I have a 3.3V MCU and I want to connect this pin to a GPIO. The MCU is...

1 answer  ·  posted 12mo ago by dekker‭  ·  last activity 12mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

71%
+3 −0
Is it possible to calculate the rise/fall time of an operational amplifier ?

I am planning to use the LM318 operational amplifier to generate a PWM signal and I need to know how to calculate the rise/fall time. LM318/LM218/LM118 datasheet -The slew rate is 70 V/µs maximum...

1 answer  ·  posted 4mo ago by deleted user  ·  edited 3mo ago by Peter Mortensen‭

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+4 −0
What is the difference between rise/fall time and Turn-On/off Delay Time?

Hi guys so recently i was looking for a mosfet and a gate drivers and between a lot of their specification the rise/fall time and Turn-On/off Delay Time sometime it called propagation. My question...

2 answers  ·  posted 4mo ago by deleted user  ·  last activity 4mo ago by TonyStewart‭

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+0 −0
How do "O-ring circuit" differ from an "ORing circuit" or "OR-ing circuit", or are they synonyms? [closed]

I've seen a few different circuits (a) (b) (c) (d) described as "an O-ring circuit" or "an optimal O-ring circuit". What does the "O" and the "ring" refer to in such circuits? How do "O-ring circ...

0 answers  ·  posted 1y ago by DavidCary‭  ·  closed 1y ago by Olin Lathrop‭

28%
+0 −3
Design high -pass filter with 2 points of the bode plot

Im designing a high-pass filter which has a gain of -8dB at half of the roll-off frequency and I am stuck ,I dont know how to continue the design. In the bode plot of that filter we have 2 points:...

3 answers  ·  posted 8mo ago by MissMulan‭  ·  last activity 7mo ago by LvW‭

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+3 −0
Limiting current to DC brushed motor

This question is related to my previous question. I want to drive a brushed DC motor using H-bridge. To power the motor two 18650 cells will be used in series. The issue is that I want to limit th...

1 answer  ·  posted 9mo ago by Stefan‭  ·  last activity 9mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

66%
+2 −0
Ceramic filter vs ceramic resonator

I have a design of a power line communication using the following IC. https://www.yamar.com/datasheet/DS-SIG60.pdf My design is the same as the example circuit in the datasheet of the chip. Th...

2 answers  ·  posted 5mo ago by DeadMouse‭  ·  last activity 5mo ago by TonyStewart‭

33%
+1 −4
What Sine-Wave Oscillator can be controlled with a microcontroller?

I need a Sine Wave Oscillator circuit that can allow me to control its frequency with a microcontroller. Until now all the topologies that I have found if the frequency is changed, a change in the ...

2 answers  ·  posted 3mo ago by deleted user  ·  edited 2mo ago by deleted user

80%
+6 −0
Standardized schematic/layout file formats for PCB CAD tools?

As we know there exists numerous different kinds of PCB CAD software. The big ones seem to be Eagle, KiCAD, Altium, OrCAD, Solidworks, DesignSpark and probably a few more. When it comes to mechani...

1 answer  ·  posted 1y ago by Lundin‭  ·  last activity 1y ago by Olin Lathrop‭

81%
+7 −0
Technique to reset pulse transformer core quickly

I am analysing a pulse transformer which is required to transfer below communication protocol pulse from primary to the secondary side. The pulse duration is 32 μs and off time available to reset t...

2 answers  ·  posted 7mo ago by kadamrohan16‭  ·  last activity 7mo ago by Andy aka‭

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+0 −4
Designing a circuit to verify thevenin theorem with induction motor as load [closed]

Design a suitable experiment and an AC circuit to verify Thevenin's theorem when the load is a single-phase induction motor with a capacitive start and two supplies feed the load. Ratings of load:...

0 answers  ·  posted 7mo ago by dkumar94600‭  ·  closed 7mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

33%
+0 −2
Re model of transistor is the same in 2 different configuration

I was studying the Re model of a transistor: But the Re model for 2 different configurations (common emitter and common base )turns out to be the same! I don't know why I am really confused.How...

2 answers  ·  posted 10mo ago by MissMulan‭  ·  last activity 10mo ago by LvW‭

71%
+3 −0
Oscilloscope potentially ESD striked

I have a Rigol DS1104 oscilloscope. Last week I stood up quickly from my table and saw a spike on the scope. Right now all the channels have a DC offset when probe is connected to ground or unconne...

2 answers  ·  posted 1y ago by ScopeMan‭  ·  last activity 5mo ago by Lundin‭

57%
+2 −1
Choosing Y value in photoresistor graph

I have designed a graph of the current in a photoresistor related to the brightness of light which hits the photoresistor. Our professor told us that it is more correct to draw the Current/Brigh...

1 answer  ·  posted 1y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  last activity 1y ago by Olin Lathrop‭

75%
+4 −0
What effect will extreme temperatures have on impedance in a wire?

My scenario is this: radio equipment controlling an overhead crane inside a steel mill. Specifically it is used for transporting melting pots. With the current, unfortunate installation, the antenn...

1 answer  ·  posted 9mo ago by Lundin‭  ·  last activity 9mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

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