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Q&A

General Q&A about the design and function of electronic systems, electric power systems and infrastructure, their theory, and tools specific to those fields. Read these guidelines before posting.

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Suggestions for projects in Embedded systems [closed]

Currently, I enrolled myself in a master's course this fall in the field of Computer Engineering. I am excited to create my microcontroller projects. I want to understand how much complexity is exp...

0 answers  ·  posted 1mo ago by aditya98‭  ·  closed 1mo ago by Nick Alexeev‭

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ATX Computer Power Supply Spark in Non-computer Application

Hello! I would like to ask for your assistance with using a Silverstone DA1650 Gold computer power supply (you can find more about it here: Silverstone DA1650 Gold) for a non-computer application. ...

1 answer  ·  posted 1mo ago by Gabriel‭  ·  last activity 22d ago by DSI‭

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Soft-start circuit behaviour

Let's take a soft-start circuit that looks like this: To my understanding, the function can be described as follows: C1 charges to open the gate. Value of C1 will dictate the soft-start delay...

1 answer  ·  posted 1mo ago by Mu3‭  ·  last activity 21d ago by Olin Lathrop‭

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Two way circuit breaking capability for ideal diode controllers

I would like to save some costs with ideal diode controllers. Basic requirement is for the diode controller to block overcurrents (short circuits) in both directions. The MAX16141A IC can do it a...

1 answer  ·  posted 2mo ago by kellogs‭  ·  edited 2mo ago by kellogs‭

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Cable voltage rating

I was looking for guidelines of how to select appropriate cables for applications (I am interested in DC), I found IEC 183 standard which talks about high voltage cable selection for AC. Also, the ...

1 answer  ·  posted 3mo ago by Elleanor Lopez‭  ·  last activity 2mo ago by Sclrx‭

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Are a JFET's Idss and Vgs(off) values correlated?

I know that many JFETs parameters have a very large manufacturing spread, in particular, $I_{DSS}$ and $V_{GS(off)}$, as one can see (for example) in this datasheet excerpt: ... My question i...

1 answer  ·  posted 3mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭  ·  edited 2mo ago by Nick Alexeev‭

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Can the corner frequency of thermal noise change with change in source impedance?

In EMG there is a certain level of thermal noise created at the electrode-gel-skin interface which depends on the skin-electrode impedance (also known as source impedance). I have been able get th...

2 answers  ·  posted 1mo ago by tilly‭  ·  last activity 1mo ago by TonyStewart‭

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derating MLCC ripple current for transient current spikes

This graph - MLCC temperature rise vs ripple current RMS & frequency If I had a 10 us current spike every 100 000 us (akin to a half-sine wave and then the rest of 9999 sine waves missing), ...

1 answer  ·  posted 8d ago by kellogs‭  ·  last activity 8d ago by Olin Lathrop‭

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Confusion in operation of analog computer

I am studying for a test in control systems and we have a practical part which is to program a analog computer. Here is a picture of the analog computer: The variable resistor is basically a vo...

2 answers  ·  posted 4mo ago by Volpina‭  ·  edited 2mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

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Titanic submarine control considerations

The submarine built by OceanGate went missing on 18th June 2023. A lot of online criticism was directed towards the control hardware of the submarine - Logitech F710 controller. However, why i...

3 answers  ·  posted 3mo ago by Elleanor Lopez‭  ·  last activity 2mo ago by Pogo‭

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How to change the polarity of an input using a single switch?

I have an mcu pin and I want to sense a voltage up to 24V to 36V. I want to connect some outputs on the board I'm designing and I don't know whether those outputs will provide a voltage or will be...

1 answer  ·  posted 4mo ago by DeadMouse‭  ·  edited 2mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

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Synchronization of clock of satelite with devices here on the Earth

Serial communication protocols require synchronization of the clock of the connected devices. From GR the time elapsed for the satelite is different than the time elapsed for us here on the Earth....

1 answer  ·  posted 4mo ago by Volpina‭  ·  edited 4mo ago by Canina‭

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Fuse monitoring on multiple batteries [closed]

Looking for KalleMP who last commented on the link attached. https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/368517/remotely-monitor-condition-of-fuse#:~:text=R1 %26 the LED are the basic indicato...

0 answers  ·  posted 2mo ago by Natti‭  ·  closed 2mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

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How is it possible to perform a open circuit test on a induction motor?

During the open circuit test of a induction motor ,not any current flows inside the rotor.But how can we achieve such a thing? Here is the ping configuration of a induction motor: The coils of ...

3 answers  ·  posted 4mo ago by Volpina‭  ·  last activity 4mo ago by rdtsc‭

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What material is used in the tabs of power packages? (TO-220, D2PAK, etc.)

What material is used in the tabs of power packages? (TO-220, D2PAK, etc.) I would assume probably a tin-plated copper alloy, but I can't find a reference. Datasheets don't seem to mention the mat...

1 answer  ·  posted 3mo ago by Jason S‭  ·  last activity 3mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

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Is concentric twist a common practice?

I have seen multiple sources on the web discussing what they call concentric twist harnesses. It boils down to having a wiring harness built in layers, where each layer is twisted around the previo...

0 answers  ·  posted 3mo ago by Sclrx‭

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Will shorting a lithium ion battery cause an explosion?

I've seen batteries get shorted a few times. They heat up, and obviously the battery is not useful after, but I've never seen them explode or catch fire. I've read reports of some batteries catchin...

2 answers  ·  posted 1d ago by matthewsnyder‭  ·  last activity 3h ago by Lundin‭

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Is there an easy way to measure the characteristic impedance of a cable using basic lab instruments?

As the title says, I'm interested in a simple technique to measure the characteristic impedance of a cable using only the instruments available in a school lab or to a (somewhat advanced) hobbyist....

1 answer  ·  posted 3mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭  ·  edited 2mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

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Audio OpAmp requirements

As we know audio has high dynamic range. It means 120dB dynamic range of human ear causes to hear 1 million time samaller that highest undistorted accoustic wave. Then I think for high end audio we...

1 answer  ·  posted 9mo ago by mohammadsdtmnd‭  ·  last activity 9mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

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How can I fix this 4-20 mA current loop to source current that matches current sink on its input?

Building on a previous question about terminology, I am trying to arrive at a solution to connect a digital air pressure regulator that sinks current as part of its 4-20 mA current feedback loop to...

2 answers  ·  posted 6mo ago by JYelton‭  ·  last activity 5mo ago by Nick Alexeev‭

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Variant of a Mosfet's Gate-Source protection

Let's say a 100V voltage spike arrives at +12V and the TVS diode clamps it to 25V. Q2 may or may not be activated. Will this circuit ensure a V_gs lower than 25V for the mosfet Q1 ? Any catch to it...

1 answer  ·  posted 4mo ago by kellogs‭  ·  last activity 4mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

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Floating circuitry and diodes

In both cases, is the "X" point floating when there is no 12V applied ?

1 answer  ·  posted 3mo ago by kellogs‭  ·  edited 2mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

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Possible stray current corrosion in reinforced concrete

I have a question about stray current corrosion in reinforced concrete. I am working on a project in a parking garage with PV-panels on top of the roof. The ground is directly connected to reinforc...

1 answer  ·  posted 10mo ago by Willem ‭  ·  edited 2mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

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Disabling breakpoints in real-time section of firmware

Got a question about hazardous breakpoints in real-time firmware. Does C have a mechanism which lets me mark a section of code such that breakpoints are somehow ignored or not allowed just in that...

3 answers  ·  posted 2mo ago by misk94555‭  ·  last activity 2mo ago by Gnomo‭

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Role of C2 (bypass capacitor)

I have been reading about thermal noise in resistors and I have a question: Suppose we have this circuit: Is C2 here to protect the voltage source from thermal noise?

2 answers  ·  posted 5mo ago by Volpina‭  ·  last activity 5mo ago by Andy aka‭

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What are these transformer graphs about?

This picture describes the behaviour of a single phase transform under resistive,inductive and capacitive loads(from left to right) How what exactly is $V_{1}$ ?Is it the voltage at the primary ...

1 answer  ·  posted 4mo ago by Volpina‭  ·  last activity 4mo ago by TonyStewart‭

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SDR SDRAM PCB Timing Budget

I am working on routing a microprocessor to two identical single data rate (SDR) SDRAM chips that are PC166 compliant, particularly Alliance AS4C16M16SB-6TIN. The 16 bit SDRAM chips are combined t...

1 answer  ·  posted 4mo ago by DavidE‭  ·  edited 2mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

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What are some best practices for library management?

Most CAD packages use a "symbol" and "footprint" library approach when it comes to designing schematics and PCBs. Some (like recent versions of Altium) have "component" libraries where symbols and ...

3 answers  ·  posted 4d ago by Mu3‭  ·  last activity 3h ago by [Object object]‭

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BJT common emitter amplifier equivalent circuit (π hybrid model) [closed]

Im studying the equivalent model of a BJT common emitter amplifier at high frequencies.At university we tought that the BJT at high frequencies looks something like this: However when designing ...

0 answers  ·  posted 11mo ago by MissMulan‭  ·  closed 11mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

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Is the noise of op-amps and ADCs Gaussian, possibly with zero mean?

I understand that white noise is not always Gaussian. In general, is the $V_{pp}$ and $V_{RMS}$ noise stated in operational amplifier and ADC datasheets Gaussian? And is its mean zero? Any exemptio...

1 answer  ·  posted 2mo ago by Joel‭  ·  last activity 2mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

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MOSFET protection with TVS: at the source pin or at the drain pin

In the auotmotive context, does it matter where the fat load-dump grade diode is placed in relation to the MOSFET so as to protect it from both fast positive transients and the longer load dump ? ...

2 answers  ·  posted 5mo ago by kellogs‭  ·  last activity 5mo ago by Lundin‭

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edison and tesla [closed]

what diffrence between tesla and edison? can anyone help me who come first?

0 answers  ·  posted 5mo ago by kEKIVI‭  ·  closed 5mo ago by Mithical‭

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Power switches and automotive load dump, unclamped

Power switches used in automotive are usually rated to withstand clamped load dump events, of the 35 - 40 V peak variety. AFAICT there are two main clamping mechanisms - first one for the logic par...

2 answers  ·  posted 1mo ago by kellogs‭  ·  last activity 1mo ago by TonyStewart‭

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Understanding induction motors

I have been watching this video and at 3:28 it says that a induction is inherently self-starting.Does this happen because of the energy stored and released in the windings of the statorFrom 3:41 u...

0 answers  ·  posted 4mo ago by Volpina‭

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What Sine-Wave Oscillator can be controlled with a microcontroller?

I need a Sine Wave Oscillator circuit that can allow me to control its frequency with a microcontroller. Until now all the topologies that I have found if the frequency is changed, a change in the ...

2 answers  ·  posted 9mo ago by deleted user  ·  edited 2mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

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Why do I need electrodes for ECG measurements?

When recording an ECG signal, the raw signal is taken from the body and sent into an ECG amplifier to amplify the signal to a suitable range and remove common mode and other types of noise. Measur...

1 answer  ·  posted 4mo ago by Carl‭  ·  edited 2mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

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Deriving resistor values for a taper pad attenuator

A taper pad is a resistive attenuator that maintains impedances on both ports and provides a specific amount of gain-loss ($A_{12}$): - I have derived formulas for each resistor (that I know to ...

3 answers  ·  posted 12mo ago by Andy aka‭  ·  last activity 1mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

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Need help to replace 555

Hi guys, Can anyone help me please replace the NE555 IC in this circuit by MIC1555. I need to modify also the Voltage to 18v thank you. MIC1555 datasheet NE555 datasheet Edit: The circuit a...

1 answer  ·  posted 11mo ago by deleted user  ·  last activity 9mo ago by Jasen‭

555
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What is Ground Electrode in EMG?

*Learning about EMG as a part of our research. My team has at least some experience with electronics that is worth mentioning, but don't have any experience with EMG/bio-potentials. Most EMG hardwa...

2 answers  ·  posted 1mo ago by tilly‭  ·  last activity 1mo ago by TonyStewart‭

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Choosing between common-drain JFET amplifier, and common-source

Do common-source JFET amplifiers have an advantage over common-drain? The JFET would be in a low noise photodiode amplifier. The signal is 100us pulses with 10us raise times. Here are the schema...

1 answer  ·  posted 3mo ago by misk94555‭  ·  last activity 3mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

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Can confusing the plugs for earphones and microphones do any damage?

The plugs for microphones and for earphones are the same, however their functionality obviously is quite different. Now because of the same plugs it is easy to insert one of them in the wrong socke...

2 answers  ·  posted 1y ago by celtschk‭  ·  last activity 1y ago by TonyStewart‭

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Oscillator with non-rechargable battery

Lets say I power an oscillator by a non-rechargable battery. Lets imagine a generic design with LC-circuit and negative resistance created by some transistor circuit. To me it seems that at certai...

1 answer  ·  posted 4mo ago by kek‭  ·  last activity 4mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

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Correct way to think about thermal noise?

I have just started learning about thermal noise in op-amps and while studying could not find if the noise given in op-amps data sheets is random sample to sample regardless of the time interval be...

1 answer  ·  posted 2mo ago by Joel‭  ·  last activity 2mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

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High power LC circuit with programmable resonant frequency

I intend to build a high-power series LC resonant circuit for the purpose of generating strong magnetic fields at a wide range of frequencies, mostly audio range (1-5000 Hz). The inductor coil is a...

1 answer  ·  posted 3mo ago by dcsuka‭  ·  edited 3mo ago by dcsuka‭

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What does it mean for a signal to have impedance?

What does it mean for signals to have impedance? To me, impedance is kinda like an "extended resistance" that also includes phase shift $$Z = R + jX $$It makes sense to me that components like cap...

3 answers  ·  posted 7mo ago by Carl‭  ·  last activity 6mo ago by TonyStewart‭

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Confusion about channel capacity definition and units

Why can the channel capacity C of the additive white gaussion noise (AWGN) channel be denoted in different ways and how do they relate to each other? Examples: C = (1/2) * log2(1 + SNR) [bit?] ...

0 answers  ·  posted 24d ago by daniel_s‭  ·  reopened 21d ago by Olin Lathrop‭

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Minimizing Common Mode Radiation - Separating Grounds

There are various different methods to keep common mode currents off the cables, one of them being discussed on the site here and with Olin's decoupling caps post on StackExchange. Slight digressio...

1 answer  ·  posted 10mo ago by 2kind‭  ·  last activity 10mo ago by TonyStewart‭

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Energy harvesting from non-invasive current sense transformer

I have a non-invasive current sense transformer (SCT-013-030) which according to its datasheet it is voltage output type. I want to harvest energy and supply a wireless sensor that consumes 5-6 uA...

1 answer  ·  posted 12mo ago by DeadMouse‭  ·  last activity 11mo ago by Andy aka‭

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Modelling tunnel diode relaxation oscillator

I have been trying to model this oscillator I was wondering if we can somehow predict the frequency of the oscillations.For small currents inside a diode from the Shockley diode equation $$ e^{x...

1 answer  ·  posted 1y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  edited 2mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

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Contradiction between Routh's algorithm and checking with some value

I am designing a control system controlled by some microcontroller K: The open loop gain is $G_{o}(s) = \frac{K}{s(s^{2}+4s+3)}$ and the closed loop gain is obviously $G_{c}(s) = \frac{K}{s(s^{...

0 answers  ·  posted 4mo ago by Volpina‭