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Q&A

General Q&A about the design and function of electronic systems, electric power systems and infrastructure, their theory, and tools specific to those fields. Read these guidelines before posting.

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71%
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MAX485 transceivers breaking, Pi filter generating spikes?

Problem description & speculation about causes I've having a problem with MAX485 transceivers breaking intermittently, passing our production tests but later failing. The error phenomenon is w...

2 answers  ·  posted 14d ago by Lundin‭  ·  last activity 13d ago by Andy aka‭

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+2 −2
Weird grounding on a vintage hifi sideboard

I got a vintage ('64) hifi sideboard for Christmas! It's super awesome. However, I don't understand the grounding. It has two female inputs on the backside that are labeled as "Grounding". There w...

1 answer  ·  posted 3mo ago by OddDeer‭  ·  last activity 3mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

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+4 −0
High voltage transformer design

Suppose I have a planar PCB transformer. The primary and secondary coils are printed on different PCBs. The core is inserted through these PCBs to link the two coils. The primary is at a low voltag...

2 answers  ·  posted 2mo ago by jonathan_the_seagull‭  ·  last activity 2mo ago by Andy aka‭

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+1 −0
MOSFET drain current ringing in saturation region

I benchtested below 0.7A constant current source circuit and observed few cycles of oscillation on drain current. With the help of bode plot analysis , I have managed to reduce the oscillations on ...

2 answers  ·  posted 19d ago by kadamrohan16‭  ·  last activity 18d ago by Olin Lathrop‭

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+0 −2
Implementing local ground theory on PCB power distribution [closed]

I've tryed to implement a local ground concept told by Olin Latrop here : He have told: (What I've perceived)You should not connect every gnd point instantly to gnd plane, since it can inject HF ...

0 answers  ·  posted 1mo ago by mohammadsdtmnd‭  ·  closed 1mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

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Converting 5V to ±12V

I would like to convert 5V rail I have on PCB to ±12V. Existing solution is using boost converter 5V to 12V, and a buck for 5V to -12V. This feels bulky for what it's needed - here are the requirem...

2 answers  ·  posted 4mo ago by 2kind‭  ·  last activity 4mo ago by H_H‭

60%
+4 −2
estimation of pogo pin resistance

Is there a scientific way to estimate the resistance of a pogo pin? If it was a solid cylinder or wire one could calculate the resistance: R = ρ × L / A But a pogo pin is hollow inside, the sp...

2 answers  ·  posted 2mo ago by dekker‭  ·  last activity 2mo ago by TonyStewart‭

83%
+8 −0
PCB as a wall of an underwater enclosure

Can a circuit board be waterproof enough to form a wall of a waterproof enclosure? Regular PCBs made of FR-4 with solder mask is what I have in mind. But I'm not barring less common PCB materials...

2 answers  ·  posted 1mo ago by misk94555‭  ·  last activity 12d ago by Conrado‭

PCB
71%
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1-wire interface overvoltage protection

I'm designing a robust 1-wire output for an IoT board. The interface should be able to withstand high voltage. Mainly the same voltage level as the board power supply. That's 12V to 36V DC. The p...

1 answer  ·  posted 19d ago by DeadMouse‭  ·  last activity 18d ago by Olin Lathrop‭

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+3 −0
Transformer design for a Series Resonant Converter

I am determining the Area-Product of the core required for a transformer to be used within a series resonant converter. The specifications are as follows: Switching frequency = 400 kHz Primary ...

1 answer  ·  posted 3mo ago by jonathan_the_seagull‭  ·  last activity 3mo ago by Andy aka‭

60%
+1 −0
IEPE Sensor Internal Circuit

Based on reading the All About Circuits article on IEPE sensors there are two general types of circuits integrated into this class of sensors: voltage amplifier and charge amplifier. This question...

0 answers  ·  posted 5mo ago by DavidE‭

75%
+4 −0
Correct way to think about thermal noise?

I have just started learning about thermal noise in op-amps and while studying could not find if the noise given in op-amps data sheets is random sample to sample regardless of the time interval be...

1 answer  ·  posted 8mo ago by Joel‭  ·  last activity 8mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

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LED driver with feedback through light. Which feedback topology is better?

I’d like to create a stable IR LED light source. I’ve read that LED efficiency changes with temperature. I’ve seen two designs which used feedback through light to correct the LED temperature dri...

1 answer  ·  posted 13d ago by misk94555‭  ·  last activity 12d ago by Andy aka‭

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+2 −0
ATX Computer Power Supply Spark in Non-computer Application

Hello! I would like to ask for your assistance with using a Silverstone DA1650 Gold computer power supply (you can find more about it here: Silverstone DA1650 Gold) for a non-computer application. ...

1 answer  ·  posted 7mo ago by Gabriel‭  ·  last activity 7mo ago by DSI‭

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Is the noise of op-amps and ADCs Gaussian, possibly with zero mean?

I understand that white noise is not always Gaussian. In general, is the $V_{pp}$ and $V_{RMS}$ noise stated in operational amplifier and ADC datasheets Gaussian? And is its mean zero? Any exemptio...

1 answer  ·  posted 8mo ago by Joel‭  ·  last activity 8mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

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+3 −0
Burned Source Driver - Noise Spikes from Relay Coil

I am trying to figure out what is causing an Allegro A2982 source driver to burn up. The source driver (A2982) is connected to the coil of a Panasonic TXS2-9V relay. The source driver and coil ar...

1 answer  ·  posted 7mo ago by mrbean‭  ·  last activity 7mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

57%
+2 −1
Can I make an AC inductor (reactor) rated 75mH 40A from a 3-phase induction motor?

For my test bench I need an inductor (aka "reactor") that meets the requirements below. I have tried to purchase it outright as a made-up item, or the parts to make it (core and windings), but have...

2 answers  ·  posted 5mo ago by Fabio Barone‭  ·  last activity 4mo ago by TonyStewart‭

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+1 −0
Regulated charge pump design

I am working with an IC that uses a partially intergrated regulated charge pump. The circuit looks like this: It behaves like a voltage doubler. However, when looking at other regulated charge p...

1 answer  ·  posted 9d ago by Mu3‭  ·  last activity 7d ago by Olin Lathrop‭

57%
+2 −1
Understanding induction motors

I have been watching this video and at 3:28 it says that a induction is inherently self-starting.Does this happen because of the energy stored and released in the windings of the statorFrom 3:41 u...

0 answers  ·  posted 10mo ago by Volpina‭

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+4 −0
Most reliable galvanic isolation technology for extreme EMI environments?

I'm working on another project with extreme EMC requirements as per various notorious military EMC standards. Civilian product but for military use, and as such subject to the toughest levels of co...

1 answer  ·  posted 3mo ago by Lundin‭  ·  last activity 3mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

60%
+1 −0
Sensing 3 states in a single mcu pin using firmware

I want to sense 3 different states in the same mcu pin (GND, Hi-Z and PWR). PWR is typical +24V but I would like to have a wide margin from +17V to +40V just to be safe. The values can change but ...

1 answer  ·  posted 10mo ago by DeadMouse‭  ·  last activity 9mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

66%
+2 −0
Will shorting a lithium ion battery cause an explosion?

I've seen batteries get shorted a few times. They heat up, and obviously the battery is not useful after, but I've never seen them explode or catch fire. I've read reports of some batteries catchin...

3 answers  ·  posted 6mo ago by matthewsnyder‭  ·  last activity 6mo ago by TonyStewart‭

50%
+1 −1
Confusion in operation of analog computer

I am studying for a test in control systems and we have a practical part which is to program a analog computer. Here is a picture of the analog computer: The variable resistor is basically a vo...

2 answers  ·  posted 10mo ago by Volpina‭  ·  edited 8mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

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+2 −0
Matched transistors

There are circuits that require matched transistors. Whether BJTs or FETs. Like current mirrors, logarithmic amplifiers, etc.. There are some examples: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DUlugLSroN8...

1 answer  ·  posted 23d ago by Chupacabras‭  ·  last activity 23d ago by Andy aka‭

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High power LC circuit with programmable resonant frequency

I intend to build a high-power series LC resonant circuit for the purpose of generating strong magnetic fields at a wide range of frequencies, mostly audio range (1-5000 Hz). The inductor coil is a...

1 answer  ·  posted 9mo ago by dcsuka‭  ·  edited 9mo ago by dcsuka‭

50%
+1 −1
What are these transformer graphs about?

This picture describes the behaviour of a single phase transform under resistive,inductive and capacitive loads(from left to right) How what exactly is $V_{1}$ ?Is it the voltage at the primary ...

1 answer  ·  posted 10mo ago by Volpina‭  ·  last activity 10mo ago by TonyStewart‭

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+2 −0
what should the output be for this use case of the CD4047 chip?

Hello, I am trying to use a CD4047 in monostable, positive-edge trigger mode: I am not skilled enough to make out what the output, i.e. pin 10, should be when pin 8, the input, is held at 0V (...

1 answer  ·  posted 10mo ago by kellogs‭  ·  edited 10mo ago by kellogs‭

40%
+0 −1
Suggestions for projects in Embedded systems [closed]

Currently, I enrolled myself in a master's course this fall in the field of Computer Engineering. I am excited to create my microcontroller projects. I want to understand how much complexity is exp...

0 answers  ·  posted 7mo ago by aditya98‭  ·  closed 7mo ago by Nick Alexeev‭

66%
+2 −0
Why would a standby UPS fail to power devices when there's no power outage?

I have an ordinary consumer-grade standby UPS with, I believe, ample power for the devices connected to it.[1] It's five years old. For the second time in about a month, I've found my computer po...

4 answers  ·  posted 2mo ago by Monica Cellio‭  ·  last activity 1mo ago by Canina‭

22%
+0 −5
edison and tesla [closed]

what diffrence between tesla and edison? can anyone help me who come first?

0 answers  ·  posted 11mo ago by kEKIVI‭  ·  closed 11mo ago by Mithical‭

60%
+1 −0
Synchronization of clock of satelite with devices here on the Earth

Serial communication protocols require synchronization of the clock of the connected devices. From GR the time elapsed for the satelite is different than the time elapsed for us here on the Earth....

1 answer  ·  posted 10mo ago by Volpina‭  ·  edited 10mo ago by Canina‭

75%
+4 −0
High Speed Digital Communication Bus Probing

For high-speed digital communication busses, what attributes do you generally advise to add to a PCB to help with validating the communication bus as well as troubleshooting the design? In particu...

1 answer  ·  posted 10mo ago by DavidE‭  ·  last activity 10mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

71%
+3 −0
What is Ground Electrode in EMG?

*Learning about EMG as a part of our research. My team has at least some experience with electronics that is worth mentioning, but don't have any experience with EMG/bio-potentials. Most EMG hardwa...

2 answers  ·  posted 7mo ago by tilly‭  ·  last activity 7mo ago by TonyStewart‭

75%
+4 −0
What are some best practices for library management?

Most CAD packages use a "symbol" and "footprint" library approach when it comes to designing schematics and PCBs. Some (like recent versions of Altium) have "component" libraries where symbols and ...

3 answers  ·  posted 6mo ago by Mu3‭  ·  last activity 6mo ago by H_H‭

66%
+2 −0
What type of button is this on a remote control

The remote control of my TV has two kinds of buttons. There are "normal" ones for the digits etc. which work by bringing a conductive material on the underside of the button in contact with the boa...

2 answers  ·  posted 2mo ago by samcarter‭  ·  last activity 2mo ago by TonyStewart‭

33%
+0 −2
Beginners Guide To Power Circuit [closed]

I'm Interested In Power Circuit. What Courses/Guidelines To I Need To Properly and Effectively Under Power Circuits??

0 answers  ·  posted 5mo ago by Kalel‭  ·  closed 5mo ago by Nick Alexeev‭

71%
+3 −0
How can I fix this 4-20 mA current loop to source current that matches current sink on its input?

Building on a previous question about terminology, I am trying to arrive at a solution to connect a digital air pressure regulator that sinks current as part of its 4-20 mA current feedback loop to...

2 answers  ·  posted 12mo ago by JYelton‭  ·  last activity 11mo ago by Nick Alexeev‭

66%
+2 −0
What does it mean for a signal to have impedance?

What does it mean for signals to have impedance? To me, impedance is kinda like an "extended resistance" that also includes phase shift $$Z = R + jX $$It makes sense to me that components like cap...

3 answers  ·  posted 1y ago by Carl‭  ·  last activity 12mo ago by TonyStewart‭

71%
+3 −0
Is there an easy way to measure the characteristic impedance of a cable using basic lab instruments?

As the title says, I'm interested in a simple technique to measure the characteristic impedance of a cable using only the instruments available in a school lab or to a (somewhat advanced) hobbyist....

1 answer  ·  posted 9mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭  ·  edited 8mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

60%
+1 −0
Noise from oscillator on top layer to clock on bottom layer with VCC & GND layers between

What effect does an oscillator potentially have on a SPI clk signal if the oscillator is on the top layer, with GND and VCC layer in between on a four layer board. I know running it on the same lay...

2 answers  ·  posted 4mo ago by Hawk2020‭  ·  last activity 4mo ago by Nick Alexeev‭

25%
+0 −4
Fuse monitoring on multiple batteries [closed]

Looking for KalleMP who last commented on the link attached. https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/368517/remotely-monitor-condition-of-fuse#:~:text=R1 %26 the LED are the basic indicato...

0 answers  ·  posted 8mo ago by Natti‭  ·  closed 8mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

62%
+3 −1
Humidity specs - is there typical reasoning for lower limit greater than 0?

Question about relative humidity specification for electronics. Industrial automation, indoors, cabinet or instrument enclosure. The failure mechanisms at the upper limit are fairly intuitive. I'm...

0 answers  ·  posted 8d ago by Pete W‭  ·  edited 8d ago by Pete W‭

60%
+1 −0
What is the role of master clock speed on DAC

In protocol I2S we have 3 signal + one none standard master clock(Mentioined by Olin Lathrop): 1.data 2.lrck/fck (frame synchronizer) 3.bck (bit clock) 4.mck/sck (master clock) Question 1: Why we...

2 answers  ·  posted 1y ago by mohammadsdtmnd‭  ·  last activity 11mo ago by mohammadsdtmnd‭

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+4 −0
Is concentric twist a common practice?

I have seen multiple sources on the web discussing what they call concentric twist harnesses. It boils down to having a wiring harness built in layers, where each layer is twisted around the previo...

0 answers  ·  posted 9mo ago by Sclrx‭

60%
+1 −0
CAN BUS monitoring with a LED

Hi, how can I use can bus monitoring through a simple led without disturbing the can line , I started with a diagram found on this forum, I need your help to correct where necessary, I want to use...

3 answers  ·  posted 4mo ago by Marian_20099‭  ·  last activity 3mo ago by Lundin‭

33%
+1 −4
Floating circuitry and diodes

In both cases, is the "X" point floating when there is no 12V applied ?

1 answer  ·  posted 9mo ago by kellogs‭  ·  edited 8mo ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

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+1 −0
derating MLCC ripple current for transient current spikes

This graph - MLCC temperature rise vs ripple current RMS & frequency If I had a 10 us current spike every 100 000 us (akin to a half-sine wave and then the rest of 9999 sine waves missing), ...

2 answers  ·  posted 6mo ago by kellogs‭  ·  last activity 6mo ago by TonyStewart‭

77%
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Ceramic capacitor "memory" effect?

I have run into an interesting phenomenon related to ceramic capacitors. This question is part of the effort to understand the issue, and eventually work around it. But first, some background of ...

2 answers  ·  posted 4mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭  ·  last activity 4mo ago by TonyStewart‭

60%
+1 −0
Can the corner frequency of thermal noise change with change in source impedance?

In EMG there is a certain level of thermal noise created at the electrode-gel-skin interface which depends on the skin-electrode impedance (also known as source impedance). I have been able get th...

2 answers  ·  posted 7mo ago by tilly‭  ·  last activity 7mo ago by TonyStewart‭

71%
+3 −0
Choosing between common-drain JFET amplifier, and common-source

Do common-source JFET amplifiers have an advantage over common-drain? The JFET would be in a low noise photodiode amplifier. The signal is 100us pulses with 10us raise times. Here are the schema...

1 answer  ·  posted 9mo ago by misk94555‭  ·  last activity 9mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭