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Comments on How to calculate pullup resistor value for pushbutton?

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How to calculate pullup resistor value for pushbutton?

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What value pullup resistor should I use for a pushbutton connected to a microcontroller input?

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I've seen values from 1 kΩ to over 100 kΩ. Some references just say to use 10 kΩ because it's a "good value". How do I calculate this to decide for myself?

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Figuratively speaking, Olin Lathrop's answer is a wonderful story about the unequal "tug of war" between a "pulling up" resistor and "pulling down" switch. And, when the switch is 'off', the "struggle" is between the resistor and input leakages… and then the resistor must win.

To be more precise, the positive terminal of the power supply is what "pulls up" the common node through the resistor and the negative terminal "pulls down" it (either through the switch or leakages).

This arrangement is the same "voltage divider configuration", widely used in simple common-source logic gates with resistor load… and the considerations are the same.

In my teaching practice, I have observed that students find it difficult to understand that the voltage after the resistor (open circuit) should be almost equal to the supply voltage. When I ask how much this voltage is, I receive all sorts of answers - 0, 1/2 power supply and, most rarely, the power supply. That is why, tomorrow morning I will start the lab on Semiconductor devices dedicated to diodes with my favorite experiment - I will make my students connect a resistor in series to an "ideal" voltage source and then measure the voltage after the resistor with both an "ideal" and real voltmeter.

Then I will suggest to them to close the circuit by another resistor (thus "inventing" the voltage divider)... and finally, by a diode. Then I will ask them why we still need the resistor... and to see why, we may short the resistor:) Fortunately, the power supply is 12V/1A (protected) and the diode is 1N4007.

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coquelicot‭ wrote over 3 years ago

@Circuit fantasist. Basically, I like your point to present and explain electronics from another angle; unfortunately it's an art and a gift given to few persons. When I was teaching math at the university, I thought once to do something similar; this was a fiasco, and that made me understand why the good old definition-theorem-corollary pattern has been used from 2500 years. (continued in next comment).

coquelicot‭ wrote over 3 years ago · edited over 3 years ago

I've read your answer 2 times and have understood nothing. More specifically, your approach necessitates a good deal of visual information to make things intuitive, which is your mission. I would suggest to add schematics, a lot of schematics, inside your answers, in order to illustrate your ideas.

Circuit fantasist‭ wrote over 3 years ago

@‭coquelicot‭, ‭Thanks for the sincerity. People like you make me drop everything else and try to explain the philosophy of things to them... but it takes time and room…and not bother me with "no discussion" warnings. Usually, I richly illustrate my answers but here I assumed that everyone knows what 'tug of war' is. Olin's answer is perfect and I just wanted to visualize it by colorful words... and share some observations...

Circuit fantasist‭ wrote over 3 years ago · edited over 3 years ago

… Most electronic circuits (probably > 90%) are based on this humble network of two elements in series supplied by a voltage source… because they handle voltage; the old voltage divider is the simplest example. Besides this classic viewpoint, we can think of it also as of two voltage sources (the one with Vdd and the other with zero voltage) connected through resistors to a common (middle) point - the output...

Circuit fantasist‭ wrote over 3 years ago · edited over 3 years ago

… The upper (Vdd) sources current to this point thus trying to increase its voltage and the lower (ground) sinks current from it thus trying to decrease it. As though, the two sources "pull" the common point in opposite directions - up and down… (I will finish my response later since now I have to go to the lab where my favorites already are waiting for me)...