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Q&A

General Q&A about the design and function of electronic systems, electric power systems and infrastructure, their theory, and tools specific to those fields. Read these guidelines before posting.

Filters (None)
71%
+3 −0
Using split CT termination for better THD performance

In the ADS131M02 datasheet, there is a following schematic snapshot for interfacing the ADC differential input channel with the Current Transformer: Furthermore, Two identical burden resistor...

2 answers  ·  posted 1d ago by 2kind‭  ·  edited 11h ago by Nick Alexeev‭

ADC current-transformer THD
81%
+7 −0
How to access a hardware register from firmware?

When writing firmware in C for a microcontroller, how can I directly access a memory location such as a hardware peripheral register, given its absolute address? Is there a way to do this safely an...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by Lundin‭  ·  last activity 21d ago by Lundin‭

microcontroller embedded-systems
50%
+1 −1
Changing PCB trace width once signal-to-noise ratio is high

I'm designing a PCB to filter and amplify a differential body signal with amplitude 5 mV up to 5 V. The first part of the circuit consists of a first order highpass filter to remove any DC componen...

2 answers  ·  posted 1mo ago by Carl‭  ·  last activity 1mo ago by TonyStewart‭

PCB amplifier resistance instrumentation-amplifier signal-to-noise-ratio
62%
+3 −1
Tesatronic TTD20 DGND AGND unconnected

The TESATRONIC TTD20 is a precision length measuring instrument used in various industrial and laboratory settings. On the backside it provides a 15 pin interface for reading out signals: I want...

2 answers  ·  posted 2mo ago by Elleanor Lopez‭  ·  last activity 1mo ago by TonyStewart‭

Analog equipment
25%
+0 −4
audio amplifier [closed]

Hi, I am new to electronics and I am a final year undergraduate from the UK. I have a project I am currently working on. the project is to design, build, measure, and compare a Class A and a Class ...

0 answers  ·  posted 2mo ago by ahx123‭  ·  closed 2mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

amplifier
57%
+2 −1
Signals and plane on the same layer

Hi, I’m working on a PCB layout, which is only about the second board I’ve ever designed. I’d appreciate some help with the following issue: This board has two layers: The top layer is used f...

3 answers  ·  posted 2mo ago by Eyal78‭  ·  last activity 2mo ago by TonyStewart‭

pcb-layout ground-plane
62%
+3 −1
Does My Circuit Contain High-Speed Signals?

My circuit includes the following components: • PIC16 with internal clock, frequency: 32 MHz • ST LED2000 LED driver (a buck converter) with a PWM dimming input. The converter itself isn't a conc...

2 answers  ·  posted 2mo ago by Eyal78‭  ·  last activity 2mo ago by TonyStewart‭

PCB high-speed pcb-layout layout
71%
+3 −0
Power polygon and matching ground

For power polygon that primarily carry DC, how critical is it that it is located above a ground plane? If it is important, how crucial is it that the polygon completely overlaps the ground plane b...

2 answers  ·  posted 2mo ago by Eyal78‭  ·  last activity 2mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

PCB pcb-layout ground-plane
66%
+2 −0
Thick trace or a Polygon?

Suppose I use a wide trace as a power rail in my circuit (wide enough for the rated current, at a certain copper weight), and it doesn’t have an adjacent ground plane. If I have enough space on the...

1 answer  ·  posted 2mo ago by Eyal78‭  ·  edited 2mo ago by Eyal78‭

PCB pcb-layout
71%
+3 −0
Thermal Relief – Yes or No?

In my PCB design, I have 0402 components connected to polygons. To reduce the risk of tombstoning, I connected them using thermal relief. My guiding principle is that if heat dissipation is not sy...

1 answer  ·  posted 2mo ago by Eyal78‭  ·  last activity 2mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

pcb-layout thermal-relief manufacturing
60%
+1 −0
Solder mask bridge issue

From what I understand, PCB manufacturing has a limitation on the minimum width of the solder resist—it cannot be too thin, typically not less than 5 mil. In many components, including those with a...

1 answer  ·  posted 2mo ago by Eyal78‭  ·  last activity 2mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

PCB pcb-layout manufacturing
60%
+1 −0
Dual ratiometric power scaler design review and issues

I need to make a circuit board that has the following inputs and outputs: Inputs and outputs Inputs: $V_{\text{in1}}$ (0-10VDC) PLC controlled signal $V_{\text{in2}}$ (0-10VDC) PLC controll...

1 answer  ·  posted 2mo ago by sandwich1699975‭  ·  edited 2mo ago by sandwich1699975‭

PWM opamp voltage-divider
33%
+0 −2
Transfer function of arbitrary dc-dc converter

I am trying to find out the transfer function of below arbitrary dc-dc converter and not able to succeed . quick analysis goes as written below , 1. M1 on Δ IL2= (V1-VL1-VO)*D/L2......VO=Output ...

1 answer  ·  posted 2mo ago by kadamrohan16‭  ·  edited 2mo ago by kadamrohan16‭

Analog SMPS power-converter DC-DC-conversion buck-converter
57%
+2 −1
Differential current signal to single-ended voltage conversion

I’m looking for circuits which convert differential current signal into single ended voltage. If found two topologies in application notes, and though of one more [obvious] topology myself. How d...

1 answer  ·  posted 2mo ago by misk94555‭  ·  last activity 2mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

opamp
33%
+0 −2
Model Predictive Control - Secondary Necessary Conditions, KKT Conditions

Why does Example 5 solve for KKT conditions by directly computing the system of equations, unlike Example 4 (Solved for active / inactive constraints)

0 answers  ·  posted 2mo ago by vietdutr‭

MPC KKT
66%
+2 −0
Single-supply non-inverting op-amp with an output offset. How to create the output offset?

I was looking for electret condenser microphone preamp topologies. I’d like the preamp to run on a single supply, so I’ll have to introduce an output offset. Saw two topologies for introducing th...

1 answer  ·  posted 3mo ago by misk94555‭  ·  last activity 3mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

opamp microphone
75%
+4 −0
Is Feeding a Watchdog Timer from an ISR a Bad Practice?

In an embedded system, I require a watchdog to be able to pass ESD qualifications (the main reason for the watchdog requirement is that the device wasn't able to pass the harshest tests of the IEC ...

2 answers  ·  posted 4mo ago by drkfrx‭  ·  edited 3mo ago by drkfrx‭

C embedded-systems watchdog interrupt
71%
+3 −0
Photodiode transimpedance amplifier with single supply

I have a photodiode and I want to connect it to an ADC to read the ambient light. For the context, non linearity is not an issue as I'm interested in knowing the amount of light in 3-4 levels. The...

1 answer  ·  posted 4mo ago by DeadMouse‭  ·  last activity 4mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

opamp photodiode transimpedance-amplifier
77%
+5 −0
What happens when a microSD card is hot-unplugged?

Consider a device with a microSD card. The microcontroller writes to the SD card periodically. The operators have an ability to remove the microSD card at any time (they will be removing it every...

1 answer  ·  posted 11mo ago by misk94555‭  ·  edited 4mo ago by misk94555‭

SD-card
60%
+1 −0
Synchronous FIFO design code review

As a personal project, I have designed a synchronous FIFO in Verilog HDL. But while testing with a testbench, I observed that the FIFO values are flushed out after one clock cycle when read-enable ...

1 answer  ·  posted 8mo ago by aditya98‭  ·  last activity 4mo ago by EsotericaEnthusiast‭

FIFO Verilog
75%
+4 −0
Moving average that uses less memory?

My control system gets a signal representing the plant output, but that signal has a lot of noise on it. The control system goes nuts trying to react to the noise. I need to filter out the noise ...

5 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Olin Lathrop‭  ·  last activity 4mo ago by TonyStewart‭

digital-filter
66%
+2 −0
Summing op-amp 10 meters long

I’ve a linear sensor array (broadside). The array is 10m long and it contains 20 sensors. There’s a limit on the number of wires. I can have a handful of wires running the length of the array, b...

1 answer  ·  posted 4mo ago by misk94555‭  ·  last activity 4mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

Analog opamp
50%
+1 −1
Ground loss protection

I have a hat board that has some high power solid state switches (mosfets). The hat is controlled by the main board. The hat and the main board are connected via pin headers, like an arduino. Th...

1 answer  ·  posted 4mo ago by DeadMouse‭  ·  edited 4mo ago by DeadMouse‭

MOSFET ground power
57%
+2 −1
OP-AMP PT100 signal conditioner

How does this circuit work, especially considering that it's intended to be used as a PT100 conditioner?

1 answer  ·  posted 4mo ago by erisla‭  ·  last activity 4mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

opamp RTD PT100
66%
+2 −0
Controlling the shutdown pin of an IR Transceiver

I am using an IR transceiver in my design.This IC is working at 3.3V supply.This IC need not be on always so I decided to give a control to it's shut down pin (Pin no 5,Shutdown Input. Active low)....

1 answer  ·  posted 4mo ago by newbie‭  ·  last activity 4mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

Analog transistor circuit-design
71%
+3 −0
OPA2211 datasheet discrepancy

Looking at Texas Instruments opamp OPA2211it mentions GBW of 80MHz at a gain of 100, and 45MHz at gain of 1: Looking at the bandwidth graph from Figure 10 in datasheet: It looks like 80MHz is...

2 answers  ·  posted 5mo ago by Elleanor Lopez‭  ·  last activity 5mo ago by Nick Alexeev‭

datasheet opamp
60%
+1 −0
Controlling the Low power mode of Buck Boost converter using a Microcontroller

I am using TPS63000 in my design and I need to control PS/SYNC pin using a micro-controller. **The input to the buck boost converter is 3V to 4.3V which is coming from a battery. The microcontrol...

1 answer  ·  posted 5mo ago by newbie‭  ·  edited 5mo ago by newbie‭

microcontroller Analog BJT buck-boost-converter
66%
+2 −0
How does JFET biasing work in a 2-terminal electret condenser microphone?

I’m trying to understand the biasing of a 2-terminal electret condenser microphone.  The inner workings of a 2-terminal electret microphone are always drawn without a resistor at the JFET source.  ...

2 answers  ·  posted 5mo ago by misk94555‭  ·  last activity 5mo ago by Andy aka‭

JFET microphone bias
57%
+2 −1
Opto-coupler, slow turn off

I have an opto-coupler circuit where is very slow turn off. I can't figure out what is the cause of this problem. It's for UART isolation, with speed 9600 baud. Datasheet: EL357NC Do I have som...

2 answers  ·  posted 6mo ago by Juraj Lonc‭  ·  last activity 6mo ago by Juraj Lonc‭

opto-coupler uart
57%
+2 −1
Why did the battery blow out?

I have a bed for which the headrest can be adjusted. There are 2 separate power inputs for each side like in the picture: In addition, there is a set of 9V batteries on each side, presumably for...

2 answers  ·  posted 6mo ago by Elleanor Lopez‭  ·  last activity 6mo ago by absurdus‭

battery
50%
+1 −1
Is it possible to build a passive many hosts to a single disk SATA splitter?

I don't find any of such cables, and the discussions on the web revolve around SATA being point-to-point and not designed for networked or shared storage. However, if one'd build a cable that is j...

1 answer  ·  posted 7mo ago by mavavilj‭  ·  last activity 6mo ago by absurdus‭

SATA
66%
+2 −0
Which transistor type to use for charge shuttle, as part of an active charging circuit?

Hi All! I've been looking at how to perform active battery balancing, and I'm currently struggling to understand which type of transistor to use to act as the switch for the "balancing capacitor"....

2 answers  ·  posted 6mo ago by Boolean‭  ·  last activity 6mo ago by absurdus‭

capacitor battery charging
50%
+1 −1
Analysis of LC circuit using intuition

This problem investigates the behavior of the voltage across the capacitor in response to a step input: - I am asked to find the voltage Vc(t) without the use of differential equations or simula...

2 answers  ·  posted 7mo ago by Carl‭  ·  last activity 6mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

LC-network resonance circuit-analysis
71%
+3 −0
Connector rated voltage vs IPC-2221B and IEC 62368

Rosenberger 23C25D-40ML5 specifies 500V RMS rating: Looking at the recommended landing pattern you can see that the distance between the signal landing pad and housing of the connector is 0....

1 answer  ·  posted 7mo ago by Elleanor Lopez‭  ·  last activity 7mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

safety voltage
50%
+1 −1
Issue in Cable Sizing and control cable selection

Hi All, I have a query regarding the cable sizing and motor starting. I have a 200HP motor to feed Low voltage power @480V. The distance between the substation and the motor is 2000m. Voltage dro...

1 answer  ·  posted 7mo ago by AKKIIK‭  ·  last activity 7mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

cable voltage-Drop Cable-Selection
40%
+0 −1
What are closest free or low-cost alternatives to software like Ansys PCB modelling? [closed]

What are closest free or low-cost alternatives to software like Ansys PCB modelling? https://www.ansys.com/blog/optimize-your-pcb It's too costly for study purposes. To clarify: I am looking fo...

0 answers  ·  posted 7mo ago by mavavilj‭  ·  closed 7mo ago by Nick Alexeev‭

software-tools
37%
+1 −3
Do hobbyist slabtop Wi-Fi modifications need to consult FCC regulations?

Do I need to consult FCC regulations in order to modify a laptop's internal WI-FI antennas to a new housing? This is quite common when modifying laptops to "slabtops". For example, one could 3D pr...

2 answers  ·  posted 8mo ago by mavavilj‭  ·  edited 7mo ago by mavavilj‭

antenna modification Wi-Fi computers
60%
+1 −0
What is connector pitch and how to measure it?

When posting identification or general questions related to connectors, integrated circuits or other parts with pins/legs, engineers always speak about something called pitch. What is the meaning ...

1 answer  ·  posted 7mo ago by Lundin‭  ·  last activity 7mo ago by Lundin‭

identification connector pitch
62%
+3 −1
Having a hard time understanding discrete audio amplifier output stage error corrector circuit

I'm trying to implement a circuit I read about in a book recently, but having a hard time deriving the relationships for the required impedances for error corrector balance. Here is the circuit: ...

0 answers  ·  posted 8mo ago by drinkingcube‭  ·  edited 8mo ago by Nick Alexeev‭

Analog transistor BJT audio power-amplifier
71%
+3 −0
Circuit for earth conductor presence detection

Reading a Tesla Wall Adapter installation manual , their brand of an AC EV charger, chapter about “Ground Assurance” and here is the quote from there: Although the equipment can work with L1 and...

2 answers  ·  posted 9mo ago by 2kind‭  ·  last activity 8mo ago by TonyStewart‭

tesla charging protective-earth
66%
+2 −0
Are LDOs more efficient than switching regulators in very low currents?

I'm looking for a power supply to power up the VCORE of an mcu. The chip is an STM32 microcontroller (LQFP) and the maximum current it will draw is no more than 150mA. The input will be 3V-5V max...

3 answers  ·  posted 9mo ago by DeadMouse‭  ·  last activity 8mo ago by TonyStewart‭

voltage-regulator LDO-regulator
60%
+1 −0
Purpose of resistance between SENSE/FORCE line of power supply

I am reading through a multi-channel power supply manual and at some point it discusses the ability to chain channels in parallel to increase current output. In the schematic, there is one resisto...

3 answers  ·  posted 8mo ago by dekker‭  ·  last activity 8mo ago by TonyStewart‭

opamp power-amplifier
66%
+2 −0
CAN bus open circuit detection

I have a PIC18 and I'm trying to detect whether it is connected on the CAN bus or not. When the PIC is not connected on the bus, and I load the transmit buffers, after setting the TXREQ flag. The ...

1 answer  ·  posted 9mo ago by DeadMouse‭  ·  last activity 9mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

CAN-bus pic18
71%
+3 −0
STM32. What should be done in firmware for VBUS detection through a GPIO pin?

I've got a is self-powered USB device, which means that I have to do VBUS detection. The device is built around STM32G474. Unlike some other STM32s, the STM32G4 don't have a dedicated pin for VBUS...

2 answers  ·  posted 10mo ago by Nick Alexeev‭  ·  last activity 9mo ago by Nick Alexeev‭

USB firmware STM32
66%
+2 −0
How to operate a chip very close to its absolute maximum voltage?

I want to operate a BLE chip at very close to its absolute maximum voltage. The chip is nRF52810 This is intended for a battery powered device and I want to use a 3.6V non-rechargable battery dir...

2 answers  ·  posted 9mo ago by DeadMouse‭  ·  last activity 9mo ago by Lundin‭

microcontroller battery
62%
+3 −1
Using only ceramic capacitors on an input of an SMPS - unclear advice from manufacturer

I was reading through the datasheet of a boost converter, TPS61023 from TI. In the "Input Capacitor Selection section", they give the following advice: 8.2.2.5 Input Capacitor Selection Multil...

2 answers  ·  posted 10mo ago by Mu3‭  ·  last activity 9mo ago by Nick Alexeev‭

capacitor SMPS
60%
+1 −0
Missing voltage rating

I am looking at this RF connector. I see that insulation resistance and breakdown voltage are specified, but no voltage rating: I have two questions, one functional and one safety. Functionally...

2 answers  ·  posted 10mo ago by Elleanor Lopez‭  ·  last activity 10mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

connector
50%
+0 −0
ESD Table Earth Bonding Points - Why?

We have ESD tables in the laboratory with Earth Bonding Points: These are directly connected to PE (I measured). It is my understanding that equipment has to be connected to PE directly and ESD m...

1 answer  ·  posted 10mo ago by Elleanor Lopez‭  ·  last activity 10mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

safety ESD-protection
75%
+4 −0
Power Line Filter. Location of Cy and common mode choke.

A circuit under question: Why are CY capacitors on the source side, and not on the load side? Henry Ott describes this with: Because filter attenuation is a function of impedance mismatch, t...

3 answers  ·  posted 11mo ago by 2kind‭  ·  edited 10mo ago by Nick Alexeev‭

capacitor filter common-mode-choke
75%
+4 −0
Standardized way of measuring AC line frequency

In a general sinewave as below, is there a "right" way/"standardized" way to measure line frequency - and how do energy meters calculate that? measuring pulse width of half-period, ie. time elap...

3 answers  ·  posted 11mo ago by 2kind‭  ·  last activity 11mo ago by Pete W‭

frequency AC