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Q&A

General Q&A about the design and function of electronic systems, electric power systems and infrastructure, their theory, and tools specific to those fields. Read these guidelines before posting.

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60%
+1 −0
How is it possible to perform a open circuit test on a induction motor?

During the open circuit test of a induction motor ,not any current flows inside the rotor.But how can we achieve such a thing? Here is the ping configuration of a induction motor: The coils of ...

3 answers  ·  posted 15d ago by Volpina‭  ·  last activity 18h ago by rdtsc‭

66%
+2 −0
Oscillator with non-rechargable battery

Lets say I power an oscillator by a non-rechargable battery. Lets imagine a generic design with LC-circuit and negative resistance created by some transistor circuit. To me it seems that at certai...

1 answer  ·  posted 4d ago by kek‭  ·  last activity 1d ago by Olin Lathrop‭

60%
+1 −0
Contradiction between Routh's algorithm and checking with some value

I am designing a control system controlled by some microcontroller K: The open loop gain is $G_{o}(s) = \frac{K}{s(s^{2}+4s+3)}$ and the closed loop gain is obviously $G_{c}(s) = \frac{K}{s(s^{...

0 answers  ·  posted 1d ago by Volpina‭

50%
+1 −1
Confusion in operation of analog computer

I am studying for a test in control systems and we have a practical part which is to program a analog computer. Here is a picture of the analog computer: The variable resistor is basically a vo...

2 answers  ·  posted 5d ago by Volpina‭  ·  last activity 4d ago by Olin Lathrop‭

66%
+2 −0
Over-voltage protection for device with photovoltaic cell source

I have a solar panel rated for 6V open-circuit and up to 150mA. I would like to connect this to an SPV1040 or similar buck-boost converter with MPPT functionality to be able to charge a 3.6V batter...

2 answers  ·  posted 22d ago by Keelan‭  ·  last activity 9d ago by TonyStewart‭

71%
+3 −0
High Speed Digital Communication Bus Probing

For high-speed digital communication busses, what attributes do you generally advise to add to a PCB to help with validating the communication bus as well as troubleshooting the design? In particu...

1 answer  ·  posted 10d ago by DavidE‭  ·  last activity 9d ago by Olin Lathrop‭

66%
+2 −0
SDR SDRAM PCB Timing Budget

I am working on routing a microprocessor to two identical single data rate (SDR) SDRAM chips that are PC166 compliant, particularly Alliance AS4C16M16SB-6TIN. The 16 bit SDRAM chips are combined t...

1 answer  ·  posted 15d ago by DavidE‭  ·  edited 10d ago by DavidE‭

66%
+2 −0
what should the output be for this use case of the CD4047 chip?

Hello, I am trying to use a CD4047 in monostable, positive-edge trigger mode: I am not skilled enough to make out what the output, i.e. pin 10, should be when pin 8, the input, is held at 0V (...

1 answer  ·  posted 15d ago by kellogs‭  ·  edited 11d ago by kellogs‭

50%
+1 −1
What are these transformer graphs about?

This picture describes the behaviour of a single phase transform under resistive,inductive and capacitive loads(from left to right) How what exactly is $V_{1}$ ?Is it the voltage at the primary ...

1 answer  ·  posted 16d ago by Volpina‭  ·  last activity 11d ago by TonyStewart‭

60%
+1 −0
Calculate values of externally excited DC generator/motor

We use a DC externally excited generator/motor as a generator.We excite the input of the generator and get at the output 10V at 1Wb flux and at 5rps generator speed without connecting the generator...

1 answer  ·  posted 30d ago by Volpina‭  ·  last activity 25d ago by Olin Lathrop‭

25%
+0 −4
edison and tesla [closed]

what diffrence between tesla and edison? can anyone help me who come first?

0 answers  ·  posted 25d ago by kEKIVI‭  ·  closed 25d ago by Mithical‭

66%
+2 −0
MOSFET protection with TVS: at the source pin or at the drain pin

In the auotmotive context, does it matter where the fat load-dump grade diode is placed in relation to the MOSFET so as to protect it from both fast positive transients and the longer load dump ? ...

2 answers  ·  posted 30d ago by kellogs‭  ·  last activity 29d ago by Lundin‭

50%
+2 −2
Role of C2 (bypass capacitor)

I have been reading about thermal noise in resistors and I have a question: Suppose we have this circuit: Is C2 here to protect the voltage source from thermal noise?

2 answers  ·  posted 1mo ago by Volpina‭  ·  last activity 1mo ago by Andy aka‭

80%
+6 −0
DC offset correction loop (DC servo loop). What's its advantage, compared to a high-pass RC filter?

Once in a while in literature I see a DC offset subtraction loop. Here's another example where a DC servo loop removes a DC offset after an op-amp. What are the advantages of such DC offset rem...

2 answers  ·  posted 1mo ago by misk94555‭  ·  edited 1mo ago by misk94555‭

71%
+3 −0
How can I fix this 4-20 mA current loop to source current that matches current sink on its input?

Building on a previous question about terminology, I am trying to arrive at a solution to connect a digital air pressure regulator that sinks current as part of its 4-20 mA current feedback loop to...

2 answers  ·  posted 2mo ago by JYelton‭  ·  last activity 2mo ago by Nick Alexeev‭

60%
+1 −0
What is the role of master clock speed on DAC

In protocol I2S we have 3 signal + one none standard master clock(Mentioined by Olin Lathrop): 1.data 2.lrck/fck (frame synchronizer) 3.bck (bit clock) 4.mck/sck (master clock) Question 1: Why we...

2 answers  ·  posted 2mo ago by mohammadsdtmnd‭  ·  last activity 2mo ago by mohammadsdtmnd‭

75%
+4 −0
Why arc welding does not require high voltage to arc?

I've heard that arc welding is getting done with low voltage. I believe arcing requires high voltage. Then how is arc welding done with about 50 volts? I thought we need kilovolts for arcing. Why? ...

3 answers  ·  posted 5mo ago by mohammadsdtmnd‭  ·  last activity 2mo ago by TonyStewart‭

71%
+3 −0
Is a current-dependent current source and a current mirror the same thing?

I have a 4-20 mA digital air pressure regulator which is controlled by and reports its pressure by being the current sink in two independent 4-20 mA current loops. Our control system utilizes Anal...

1 answer  ·  posted 2mo ago by JYelton‭  ·  last activity 2mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

66%
+2 −0
Using arc trace routing instead of 45 degree trace routing

Most modern CAD software for PCB design offers arc trace routing or a form of conversion between 45/90 degree angel trace routing and arc trace routing. Despite this, the overwhelming majority of c...

3 answers  ·  posted 3mo ago by Mu3‭  ·  last activity 2mo ago by Lundin‭

66%
+2 −0
What does it mean for a signal to have impedance?

What does it mean for signals to have impedance? To me, impedance is kinda like an "extended resistance" that also includes phase shift $$Z = R + jX $$It makes sense to me that components like cap...

3 answers  ·  posted 3mo ago by Carl‭  ·  last activity 2mo ago by TonyStewart‭

71%
+3 −0
What is a good PCB-layout?

I am an electrical engineering student and I just finished designing an ECG-amplifier circuit. Here is the schematic: - It is fairly simple. Initially, there is a 1st order highpass filter. Then...

1 answer  ·  posted 2mo ago by Carl‭  ·  last activity 2mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

71%
+3 −0
Testing instrumentation amplifier with differential signal

I am using the AD620 as instrumentation amplifier to amplify the body's ECG signal. An ECG is a differential signal (measured with two electrodes) and I want a differential gain of Gd=1000 . The ...

3 answers  ·  posted 3mo ago by Carl‭  ·  last activity 3mo ago by TonyStewart‭

50%
+1 −1
how to figure out the max power of a transformer?

I have a MOT that is rated 220V-50Hz only and i need to know its maximum operating power i tried to google the reference number but unable to find anything about its power, so how to figure out the...

2 answers  ·  posted 5mo ago by deleted user  ·  last activity 4mo ago by Jasen‭

66%
+2 −0
How to check realistic specs of small solar panel?

I have a small solar panel rated for 6V/DC, 150mA. I know that those specs are under ideal circumstances, and I would like to do some measurements in different weather conditions to see what I can ...

3 answers  ·  posted 5mo ago by Keelan‭  ·  last activity 4mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

70%
+5 −1
How Relay inrush current limiter works?

In this circuit below the relay circuit part is acting as an inrush current limiter, but I can't understand how it works since the current is flowing in both conditions where the relay is open or c...

1 answer  ·  posted 5mo ago by deleted user  ·  last activity 5mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

33%
+0 −2
What we call this opamp configuration? [SOLVED]

1- What we call this opamp configuration? 2- What's the advantage and the disadvantage of this circuit? 3- And what's the purpose of the L2 in the feedback? I have changed gradually the value of...

1 answer  ·  posted 5mo ago by deleted user  ·  edited 5mo ago by deleted user

33%
+1 −4
What Sine-Wave Oscillator can be controlled with a microcontroller?

I need a Sine Wave Oscillator circuit that can allow me to control its frequency with a microcontroller. Until now all the topologies that I have found if the frequency is changed, a change in the ...

2 answers  ·  posted 5mo ago by deleted user  ·  edited 5mo ago by deleted user

66%
+2 −0
Audio OpAmp requirements

As we know audio has high dynamic range. It means 120dB dynamic range of human ear causes to hear 1 million time samaller that highest undistorted accoustic wave. Then I think for high end audio we...

1 answer  ·  posted 5mo ago by mohammadsdtmnd‭  ·  last activity 5mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

37%
+1 −3
Need help to replace 555

Hi guys, Can anyone help me please replace the NE555 IC in this circuit by MIC1555. I need to modify also the Voltage to 18v thank you. MIC1555 datasheet NE555 datasheet Edit: The circuit a...

1 answer  ·  posted 7mo ago by deleted user  ·  last activity 5mo ago by Jasen‭

555
71%
+3 −0
Is it possible to calculate the rise/fall time of an operational amplifier ?

I am planning to use the LM318 operational amplifier to generate a PWM signal and I need to know how to calculate the rise/fall time. LM318/LM218/LM118 datasheet -The slew rate is 70 V/µs maximum...

1 answer  ·  posted 7mo ago by deleted user  ·  edited 5mo ago by Peter Mortensen‭

77%
+5 −0
Unterminated SPI bus needs expansion board to work properly

I'm supporting a piece of legacy hardware that routes the SPI bus through a set of headers to an expansion board. Since the expansion board doesn't actually use the SPI bus, we simply ignored the ...

1 answer  ·  posted 5mo ago by TimH‭  ·  last activity 5mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

50%
+0 −0
pulse dissaper in digital scope just by looking at different signal in other channel.

I have HANTEK 6022BE, and I'm monitoring tree signal using it, FS (Frame sync clock) Pulse Transfer complete I'm using two channel of scope to monitor pair of these. The problem is when I'...

1 answer  ·  posted 6mo ago by mohammadsdtmnd‭  ·  last activity 6mo ago by mohammadsdtmnd‭

75%
+4 −0
Possible stray current corrosion in reinforced concrete

I have a question about stray current corrosion in reinforced conrete. I am working on a project in a parking garage with PV-panels on top of the roof. The ground is directly connected to reinforce...

1 answer  ·  posted 6mo ago by Willem ‭  ·  last activity 6mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

33%
+0 −2
How to calculate the voltage of a coil?

Hi guys, I need to calculate the voltage that will center the magnetic field of a coil. The coil gonna be used in an induction heater thank you. Edit: I edited the paragraph because it was misu...

3 answers  ·  posted 6mo ago by deleted user  ·  last activity 6mo ago by jonathan_the_seagull‭

75%
+4 −0
What is the difference between rise/fall time and Turn-On/off Delay Time?

Hi guys so recently i was looking for a mosfet and a gate drivers and between a lot of their specification the rise/fall time and Turn-On/off Delay Time sometime it called propagation. My question...

2 answers  ·  posted 7mo ago by deleted user  ·  last activity 6mo ago by TonyStewart‭

70%
+5 −1
Minimizing Common Mode Radiation - Separating Grounds

There are various different methods to keep common mode currents off the cables, one of them being discussed on the site here and with Olin's decoupling caps post on StackExchange. Slight digressio...

1 answer  ·  posted 7mo ago by 2kind‭  ·  last activity 6mo ago by TonyStewart‭

75%
+4 −0
How to perform initialization of static storage variables in embedded systems?

Whenever declaring a variable in C outside a function at file scope or when specifying it as static, it gets assigned a life time known as static storage duration. Meaning it will be accessible thr...

1 answer  ·  posted 7mo ago by Lundin‭  ·  last activity 7mo ago by Lundin‭

25%
+0 −4
BJT common emitter amplifier equivalent circuit (π hybrid model) [closed]

Im studying the equivalent model of a BJT common emitter amplifier at high frequencies.At university we tought that the BJT at high frequencies looks something like this: However when designing ...

0 answers  ·  posted 7mo ago by MissMulan‭  ·  closed 7mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

81%
+7 −0
Rules and guidelines for drawing schematics?

We see schematics of varying quality and conventions. What is good and bad? What are the rules and conventions for drawing good schematics? What matters? What doesn't? This question is about sch...

1 answer  ·  posted 2y ago by Olin Lathrop‭  ·  last activity 7mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

75%
+4 −0
Low-pass filter after the output DAC in CD players

[Disclaimer. This is not for an academic class. I'm self-studying.] I’m reading an introductory book on DSP for audio and computer music [Steiglitz 1996, ISBN 0-8053-1684-1 p. 287]. One of the ...

3 answers  ·  posted 8mo ago by Nick Alexeev‭  ·  last activity 7mo ago by Olin Lathrop‭

77%
+5 −0
Is ESD overhyped?

I have seen many engineers talk about ESD protection but I had never seen its effects myself. I made many small DIY projects and I have used bare hands to touch ICs and their pins,but nothing got d...

6 answers  ·  posted 2y ago by aditya98‭  ·  last activity 7mo ago by Nick Alexeev‭

28%
+0 −3
Thermal stability coefficient

The thermal stability coefficient is defined to be: $S = \frac{dI_{C}}{dI_{CBO}}$ where $I_{CBO}$ is the reverse current of the BJT when voltage isnt applied to the base of the BJT. In case of a ...

1 answer  ·  posted 8mo ago by MissMulan‭  ·  last activity 7mo ago by TonyStewart‭

71%
+3 −0
Oscilloscope potentially ESD striked

I have a Rigol DS1104 oscilloscope. Last week I stood up quickly from my table and saw a spike on the scope. Right now all the channels have a DC offset when probe is connected to ground or unconne...

2 answers  ·  posted 1y ago by ScopeMan‭  ·  last activity 7mo ago by Lundin‭

71%
+3 −0
Energy harvesting from non-invasive current sense transformer

I have a non-invasive current sense transformer (SCT-013-030) which according to its datasheet it is voltage output type. I want to harvest energy and supply a wireless sensor that consumes 5-6 uA...

1 answer  ·  posted 8mo ago by DeadMouse‭  ·  last activity 8mo ago by Andy aka‭

83%
+8 −0
Flyback transformer with Intrinsic Safety

I have no experience designing for Intrinsic Safety (IS), but need to do that now. I have read thru IEC 60079-11, which seems to be the relevant standard for my purposes. The board I need to desi...

4 answers  ·  posted 1y ago by Olin Lathrop‭  ·  last activity 8mo ago by Hawk2020‭

33%
+0 −2
Effect of adding stages to a filter

Suppose we have a RC low pass filter of 1st order. If we add multiple stages every time we add a RC stage identical to our original does the slope of the curve in the bode plot db/Hz becomes wild...

2 answers  ·  posted 11mo ago by MissMulan‭  ·  last activity 8mo ago by a concerned citizen‭

77%
+5 −0
Buck-boost converter fed from split input supply

I have recently finished designing a buck-boost converter for a job that uses a split (+/-) input power supply. Load power is taken equally from both positive and negative input supplies and, the ...

1 answer  ·  posted 8mo ago by Andy aka‭  ·  edited 8mo ago by Andy aka‭

66%
+2 −0
Ceramic filter vs ceramic resonator

I have a design of a power line communication using the following IC. https://www.yamar.com/datasheet/DS-SIG60.pdf My design is the same as the example circuit in the datasheet of the chip. Th...

2 answers  ·  posted 8mo ago by DeadMouse‭  ·  last activity 8mo ago by TonyStewart‭

75%
+4 −0
Deriving resistor values for a taper pad attenuator

A taper pad is a resistive attenuator that maintains impedances on both ports and provides a specific amount of gain-loss ($A_{12}$): - I have derived formulas for each resistor (that I know to ...

2 answers  ·  posted 8mo ago by Andy aka‭  ·  last activity 8mo ago by a concerned citizen‭

57%
+2 −1
pH Electrode Buffer - Offset when solution grounded

Problem pH electrode buffer offset appears when solution is grounded. Detail I have a pH electrode in some conductive solution (~1000uS). The output (measurement electrode) is buffered by an el...

2 answers  ·  posted 9mo ago by rherma‭  ·  last activity 9mo ago by TonyStewart‭