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In the absence of VNA product documentation...... Now, -9 dB is equivalent to a ratio of 0.34 approximately, and -3.53 db is equivalent to a ratio of 0.66 approximately. I expected S11 to be nea...
A differential amplifier and a differentiator are two completely different circuit blocks. Differential Amplifier A differential amplifier has two inputs and one output. It takes the difference ...
Your question is impossible to answer without carefully looking at the layout and schematic. However, from gut feel and experience, this smells like poor grounding design. Common mistakes: Not a...
I am looking at the datasheet of the 7508170315(link) transformer and something seems strange to me. If I connect this to a 12V supply and expose it to 10us pulse: 12V*10us/475uH = 252mA which ...
In the image below is an opamp buffer with +/- 15v rails connected to a 3.3v ADC. The input to the opamp is limited to 0-3v. There is no protection circuitry for the ADC. Is the risk of the opam...
If I connect this to a 12V supply and expose it to 10us pulse: 12V*10us/475uH = 252mA $$$$ This current flows in the primary magnetization inductance (475 μH) after applying 12 volts for 10 μ...
Is the risk of the opamp overdriving the ADC too great for no input protection to be used? I would certainly say yes but, this can usually be easily solved by using a current limit resistor in...
Is the risk too great? That depends on parameters you haven't told us. How cost-sensitive is this product? What is the reliability expectation of the users? How mission-critical is its usage? ...
A little check list of some basic things to ask yourself before asking such a question: Is this some manner of high/mains voltage device? Repairing such electronics is very dangerous if you don'...
Digital voltmeters generally display decimal digits. The resolution implied by that is not necessarily the same as the underlying binary A/D. Since voltmeters for human display don't need to be f...
The display counts range is one of the digital multimeter characteristics. We know that a DMM is based on an analog/digital converter, and we know too that each ADC has a certain resolution in bit...
Here is a solution to protects very well the ADC from over-voltage spikes, avoid any simulation and design consideration, and that also protects the ADC from a possible negative output spike from t...
Every time I needed CAN, I had just put external crystal and didn't think about it after that. It worked fine. I am wondering however whether the precisions of MCU internal oscillator is sufficien...
It's still unclear what you are really asking, so I'll discuss the tradeoffs between low and high side switching of power to a load. Low side switching The main advantage of low side switching is...
You are making this too complicated. The only thing that matters is the percentage mismatch between any two clocks on a CAN bus. You seem to imply that you are willing to guarantee the -10 °C to ...
In the circuit below, I am applying a $3.3Vpp$, $63kHz$, 50% Duty Cycle, PWM input signal at the gate of the mosfet and I am expecting to see a similar waveform with different amplitude at the LED...
I've created the category and enabled the Article post type (only). It uses the same tag set as Q&A. If you want me to change either of those, let me know. Please let me know what you'd like ...
I'm using a variable duty cycle square-wave oscillator to drive a half-bridge MOSFET pair like this. Upper MOSFET is P-channel type, lower MOSFET is N-channel type: - And, I think I'm getting shoo...
To avoid shoot-through you should ensure that the active-low P-channel MOSFET gate drive voltage never overlaps with the active-high N-channel MOSFET gate drive voltage. With an inverter driving th...
Why do the Darlington or Sziklai configurations need complementary transistors? They don't. In fact, it's usually not even desirable. However, before we get too far, let's make it clear what we ar...
When switching a relay there should be a flyback diode. It could be just a diode or diode with resistor in series. I understand there is a difference in the speed of relay switch-off. But what is t...
I understand that some applications require NPN-PNP pairs with identical electrical characteristics. But I would like to understand why.
Here is the circuit in question, with the component designators changed to make them easier to write: To understand this circuit, try building it up in pieces. First, let's only include R1 and R2....
I've built a non-inverting op-amp amplifier with a gain of 101 using this circuit: - My input is 10 mV DC and I expected to measure 1.01 volts at the output but I measure 0.81 volts. What has happ...
It's not completely clear, but it seems you are asking about a circuit in a class 1 div 2 location that will drive another circuit in a class 1 div 1 location. The point of the IS barrier is to pre...
