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Q&A What is the difference between rise/fall time and Turn-On/off Delay Time?

To understand the timing, you must understand the cause. Delay is the time from input to output It is measured from +10% of input to 90% of output ( or a 10% change in output), unlike logic chips ...

posted 2y ago by TonyStewart‭  ·  edited 2y ago by TonyStewart‭

Answer
#2: Post edited by user avatar TonyStewart‭ · 2022-12-02T01:03:24Z (about 2 years ago)
  • To understand the timing, you must understand the cause.
  • **Delay is the time from input to output** It is measured from +10% of input to 90% of output ( or a 10% change in output), unlike logic chips where the same voltage is used for input and output so delay is measured at Vdd/2 or 50% from input to output.
  • **Rise/Fall time is just the transition time of any signal from 10% to 90%.**
  • The output On-time (falling Vd, rising Id) depends on Rdson and Coss plus any load pF. The Off-time (rising Vd for Nch) depends on load R and Coss.
  • Delay time is measured from 10% of the input Vgs which must exceed the threshold **V**gs(th) {aka Vt} by around +100% or 2*Vt to create an Rdon that will conduct current in the 12 Ohm pull-up from Vd to Vdd to pull down the voltage 10%.
  • ` This causes the delay time to reach a condition threshold for current conduction. Vgs(th) is a leakage threshold defined in the datasheet as Vgs(th) @ Id = 250 μA and not where it will conduct Amps of current. Id=beta(Vgs-Vt)
  • `
  • Meanwhile, the threshold Vt can be anywhere from 2 to 5V. The drive level is unlikely to reach that threshold in the same time with a driver Ron and input capacitance Ciss.
  • The output rise/fall times depend on the device Coss which increases with lower RdsOn for all FETs with a figure of merit (FoM) being RdsOn* Coss=T
  • So you can always expect the delays to be asymmetrical for both delay and rise/fall time.
  • Electrical characteristics of MOSFETs
  • -
  • [(Dynamic Characteristics Ciss/Crss/Coss) ](https://toshiba.semicon-storage.com/ap-en/semiconductor/knowledge/faq/mosfet/electrical-characteristics-of-mosfetsdynamic-characteristics-cis.html)
  • -
  • ![Image alt text](https://electrical.codidact.com/uploads/o1lu2a2mi9prip8llmgs38nwu3q5)
  • Not shown is the driver Ron , test load Rd=13 ohms and internal inductance Ld= 6 nH, Ls=13 nH which adds further time delay and transition delay.
  • In power half/full bridges _unlike logic ICs,_ cross-conduction is a short-circuit across the supply and not allowed, as this would exceed the do not exceed ratings even for a high-power FET.
  • The usual method of proper design is to choose a dead-time suitable for the switching times and the load. A simple way is to use a diode to make a differential "dead time" between rise and fall. A slower RC turn-ON time and a faster turn OFF time might ensure a tri-state open circuit but then you expect a high current flyback voltage which needs to be clamped to the opposite rail.
  • IC's might use a more precise way of creating a guaranteed dead time suitable for the recommended FET drivers.
  • This might typically range from 0.5us to a few us depending on the storage current time constant. T=RC or or T=L/R approximately for 64%.
  • In a logic IC, there is an overlap or transition current-surge between power and ground from the complementary FET output which is like a "half-bridge FET" circuit, but it is current-limited by design by the choice of RdsOn and thresholds. This is why low ESR capacitance decoupling near each CMOS IC is so important to minimize load-regulated supply noise. It varies with logic families and Vdd but might be equivalent to about 20pF and 22 to 66 ohms impedance during each transition.
  • **This ought to raise more questions but I hope you at least understand how to measure and what causes delay and rise/fall time.**
  • To understand the timing, you must understand the cause.
  • **Delay is the time from input to output** It is measured from +10% of input to 90% of output ( or a 10% change in output), unlike logic chips where the same voltage is used for input and output so delay is measured at Vdd/2 or 50% from input to output.
  • **Rise/Fall time is just the transition time of any signal from 10% to 90%.**
  • ![Image alt text](https://electrical.codidact.com/uploads/zfm9b5nzrbdltbgegukpoed42p5h)
  • The output On-time (falling Vd, rising Id) depends on Rdson and Coss plus any load pF. The Off-time (rising Vd for Nch) depends on load R and Coss.
  • Delay time is measured from 10% of the input Vgs which must exceed the threshold **V**gs(th) {aka Vt} by around +100% or 2*Vt to create an Rdon that will conduct current in the 12 Ohm pull-up from Vd to Vdd to pull down the voltage 10%.
  • ` This causes the delay time to reach a condition threshold for current conduction. Vgs(th) is a leakage threshold defined in the datasheet as Vgs(th) @ Id = 250 μA and not where it will conduct Amps of current. Id=beta(Vgs-Vt)
  • `
  • Meanwhile, the threshold Vt can be anywhere from 2 to 5V. The drive level is unlikely to reach that threshold in the same time with a driver Ron and input capacitance Ciss.
  • The output rise/fall times depend on the device Coss which increases with lower RdsOn for all FETs with a figure of merit (FoM) being RdsOn* Coss=T
  • So you can always expect the delays to be asymmetrical for both delay and rise/fall time.
  • Electrical characteristics of MOSFETs
  • -
  • [(Dynamic Characteristics Ciss/Crss/Coss) ](https://toshiba.semicon-storage.com/ap-en/semiconductor/knowledge/faq/mosfet/electrical-characteristics-of-mosfetsdynamic-characteristics-cis.html)
  • -
  • ![Image alt text](https://electrical.codidact.com/uploads/o1lu2a2mi9prip8llmgs38nwu3q5)
  • Not shown is the driver Ron , test load Rd=13 ohms and internal inductance Ld= 6 nH, Ls=13 nH which adds further time delay and transition delay.
  • In power half/full bridges _unlike logic ICs,_ cross-conduction is a short-circuit across the supply and not allowed, as this would exceed the do not exceed ratings even for a high-power FET.
  • The usual method of proper design is to choose a dead-time suitable for the switching times and the load. A simple way is to use a diode to make a differential "dead time" between rise and fall. A slower RC turn-ON time and a faster turn OFF time might ensure a tri-state open circuit but then you expect a high current flyback voltage which needs to be clamped to the opposite rail.
  • IC's might use a more precise way of creating a guaranteed dead time suitable for the recommended FET drivers.
  • This might typically range from 0.5us to a few us depending on the storage current time constant. T=RC or or T=L/R approximately for 64%.
  • In a logic IC, there is an overlap or transition current-surge between power and ground from the complementary FET output which is like a "half-bridge FET" circuit, but it is current-limited by design by the choice of RdsOn and thresholds. This is why low ESR capacitance decoupling near each CMOS IC is so important to minimize load-regulated supply noise. It varies with logic families and Vdd but might be equivalent to about 20pF and 22 to 66 ohms impedance during each transition.
  • **This ought to raise more questions but I hope you at least understand how to measure and what causes delay and rise/fall time.**
#1: Initial revision by user avatar TonyStewart‭ · 2022-12-02T01:00:14Z (about 2 years ago)
To understand the timing, you must understand the cause.

**Delay is the time from input to output** It is measured from +10% of input to 90% of output ( or a 10% change in output), unlike logic chips where the same voltage is used for input and output so delay is measured at Vdd/2 or 50% from input to output.

**Rise/Fall time is just the transition time of any signal from 10% to 90%.**

The output On-time (falling Vd, rising Id) depends on Rdson and Coss plus any load pF. The Off-time (rising Vd for Nch) depends on load R and Coss.

Delay time is measured from 10% of the input Vgs which must exceed the threshold **V**gs(th) {aka Vt} by around +100% or 2*Vt to create an Rdon that will conduct current in the 12 Ohm pull-up from Vd to Vdd to pull down the voltage 10%.  

`   This causes the delay time to reach a condition threshold for current conduction. Vgs(th) is a leakage threshold  defined in the datasheet as Vgs(th) @ Id = 250 μA and not where it will conduct Amps of current. Id=beta(Vgs-Vt)
`

Meanwhile, the threshold Vt can be anywhere from 2 to 5V. The drive level is unlikely to reach that threshold in the same time with a driver Ron and input capacitance Ciss.

The output rise/fall times depend on the device Coss which increases with lower RdsOn for all FETs with a figure of merit (FoM) being RdsOn* Coss=T

So you can always expect the delays to be asymmetrical for both delay and rise/fall time.


 Electrical characteristics of MOSFETs 
-
[(Dynamic Characteristics Ciss/Crss/Coss) ](https://toshiba.semicon-storage.com/ap-en/semiconductor/knowledge/faq/mosfet/electrical-characteristics-of-mosfetsdynamic-characteristics-cis.html)
-
![Image alt text](https://electrical.codidact.com/uploads/o1lu2a2mi9prip8llmgs38nwu3q5)

Not shown is the driver Ron , test load Rd=13 ohms and internal inductance Ld= 6 nH, Ls=13 nH which adds further time delay and transition delay.


In power half/full bridges _unlike logic ICs,_ cross-conduction is a short-circuit across the supply and not allowed, as this would exceed the do not exceed ratings even for a high-power FET. 

The usual method of proper design is to choose a dead-time suitable for the switching times and the load. A simple way is to use a diode to make a differential "dead time" between rise and fall. A slower RC turn-ON time and a faster turn OFF time might ensure a tri-state open circuit but then you expect a high current flyback voltage which needs to be clamped to the opposite rail.   

IC's might use a more precise way of creating a guaranteed dead time suitable for the recommended FET drivers.

  This might typically range from 0.5us to a few us depending on the storage current time constant. T=RC or or T=L/R approximately for 64%.

In a logic IC, there is an overlap or transition current-surge between power and ground from the complementary FET output which is like a "half-bridge FET" circuit,  but it is current-limited by design by the choice of RdsOn and thresholds. This is why low ESR capacitance decoupling near each CMOS IC is so important to minimize load-regulated supply noise. It varies with logic families and Vdd but might be equivalent to about 20pF and 22 to 66 ohms impedance during each transition. 

**This ought to raise more questions but I hope you at least understand how to measure and what causes delay and rise/fall time.**