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Q&A

Comments on Capacitor ESR vs. Impedance

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Capacitor ESR vs. Impedance

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One of the ceramic capacitors that I've found(link to the capacitor) specifies the following characteristics at 10 kHz: Impedance and ESR graph

The difference in value is quite significant, almost 100 fold.

Which graph on the picture above better represents real-world use-case?

What is the point of specifying the ESR solely for AC loads?

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Which graph on the picture above better represents real-world use-case?

They both represent real-world use cases. The impedance graph informs you how much ESL (effective series inductance) the capacitor has and, at the series resonance point you can evaluate the ESL value with a simple formula: -

Image alt text

Resonance occurs at 1.35 MHz and, if you know the capacitance value, you can derive ESL. Note also that at 1.35 MHz, the ESR value is very similar: -

Image alt text

In other words, at resonance you can also determine the ESR.

The impedance graph also shows what you would expect from your capacitor at frequencies below resonance. At 10 kHz (for instance) the impedance is maybe 2 Ω and, if you calculate the capacitance you get a value of around 8 μF. So, I'm guessing that these graphs are for a 10 μF capacitor. At 1 kHz the impedance is ten times higher as you'd expect from a capacitor. At 100 kHz, the impedance is ten times lower.

But, go beyond 100 kHz a little and you are hitting the effects produced by ESL series resonance.

What is the point of specifying the ESR solely for AC loads?

If you mean what is the point of showing a graph of ESR at various frequencies, then the graph is very informative. ESR represents the effective losses of the capacitor at each frequency (that's dielectric and true series resistance losses) as one resistor called the effective series resistance.

So, given that you know the minimum ESR, you can calculate the dielectric losses at other frequencies and get a bigger picture of how the capacitor performs across the spectrum.

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General comments (2 comments)
General comments
2kind‭ wrote over 3 years ago

Thank you, Andy! Why would I care about ESR(dielectric+true resistance) losses at all and ignore the ESL when looking at AC? Impedance is something I should be caring about. The heck with ESR if ESL will kick into play(and it will at frequencies that are below and higher than the resonance one - plus/minus decade roughly).

Andy aka‭ wrote over 3 years ago

@2kind ESR is very important. If the ripple current is high such as in inductive chargers using resonance then the ESR can dissipate enough heat to burn a capacitor. Plenty of other applications require low ESR.