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Comments on How does a transistor maintain a constant current?

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How does a transistor maintain a constant current?

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In contrast to diodes that maintain a relatively constant voltage when the current through them varies, a fundamental property of all types of transistors (BJT, FET...) is to maintain a relatively constant current when the voltage across them varies. How do they do that?

As in the case of diodes, this question can be answered specifically by considering the processes in the semiconductor device. But again it would be interesting to explain this on a conceptual level by revealing the basic idea. As I have already said, this "philosophical" approach has several advantages: first, it does not require in-depth knowledge of semiconductor devices; second, it would be applicable to all 2-terminal devices that have this property. I will do this using the concept of "dynamic resistance".

Generally speaking, a transistor behaves like a resistor that interferes with current creating a voltage drop and heat loss. In the initial steep part of its output IV curve, this "resistor" has a relatively constant low resistance. And if it was really a resistor, the curve would continue in the same direction.

However, when the current threshold of the respective transistor is reached (set by the base-emitter voltage or current), the curve changes its slope and becomes almost horizontal. The voltage continues to change but the current stops changing. Why? Here is my simple explanation…

When the voltage V increases, the transistor also increases its static resistance R with the same rate of change. So, the current through the transistor I = V/R does not change.

This is a simple arithmetic trick where we change the numerator and denominator of a fraction in the same direction and with the same rate of change; as a result, the quotient of the division does not change.

Transistor current stabilizer - basic idea

Thus, by changing its resistance in the same direction with the current, this "dynamic resistor" maintains a constant current. This clever "transistor trick" can be graphically illustrated:

Transistor current stabilizer - graphical interpretation

Tomorrow I have an online exercise on Semiconductor Devices with my students of group 48b, ITI, FCST of Technical University of Sofia, that is about transistor applications. Maybe I will illustrate to them this viewpoint by means of ZOOM pen drawing moving IV curves. And again, to get the attention of my students, I would tell them another fun story - that I could mimic any transistor they wanted with just a variable resistor ("potentiometer")... and that if I hid in a big box, they would think that there is a transistor inside:-)

The next day... Done! Here is a part of the video record (in Bulgarian) and a screenshot:

Screenshot

It would be interesting for me to know your opinion on my explanation.

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1 comment thread

Model is too simple to do anything useful with it, IMHO. (4 comments)
Model is too simple to do anything useful with it, IMHO.
Designalog‭ wrote about 1 year ago · edited about 1 year ago

I think any circuit designer would be very delighted to have such a simple model to get insight and estimate performance. However, I'm of the opinion that every model, however simple it might be, should not only be useful to understand things qualitatively, but also quantitatively, otherwise it'd be useless.

I see a few incongruencies with this paper. For instance, you start by saying that you'll explain the transistor behavior using the concept of "dynamic resistance", but then you talk about the transistor changing its static resistance. I guess you want to say that "static resistance" becomes dynamic, or something. Next, you say that the current will be kept horizontal in the graph, but you also use the qualifier "almost". If we take this "almost" qualifier seriously, then your model breaks down, and we return to the usual small-signal output resistance that we all know.

Finally, if students would take home the idea that transistors can keep their current rather constant, then...

Designalog‭ wrote about 1 year ago · edited about 1 year ago

(cont.) they'd think that one can simply make a current source by fixing a voltage at the gate and that'd be it. Obviously, we all know that cannot be further from the truth. I wonder how they'd feel after learning that feedback is needed to achieve such ideal behavior.

Finally, I must say I had never understood Einstein phrase "Make everything as simple as possible, but not simpler". However, with all due respect, I think this article is the first example of this phrase.

Perhaps I'm missing something, maybe you can enlighten me. But as I see it, I don't see anything useful in this very simplified model you've come up with.

Circuit fantasist‭ wrote about 1 month ago

@ErnestoG‭, I apologize for the late reply. You have correctly grasped the essence of my idea, but as a circuit designer, you don't see the point in it because it is qualitative rather than quantitative.

My goal is not to directly use it for calculations and design, but to achieve an intuitive, functional understanding of how a transistor maintains a constant current. This is no less important than the other aspect, and people need it as well.

You have correctly guessed that by 'dynamic resistance,' I mean a 'changing static resistance'. The word 'resistance' is not very suitable in this case, as it creates an association with a linear ohmic resistance. Perhaps 'opposition,' 'resistivity', 'conductivity' or something similar would be better.

Thanks for the response,

Regards,

Cyril

Designalog‭ wrote about 1 month ago · edited about 1 month ago

Circuit fantasist‭

Well, I disagree, but I guess everyone has its own way to teaching. If we're trying to simplify explanations and not looking for calculation-worthy models, why not say directly:

In triode region the transistor functions as a resistor, and in saturation, it behaves as a current source. That simple.

Students at that level should already know how a resistor and an ideal current source works I suppose. Why go for a crutch-like explanation that is not true anyhow in the real-life? It seems to me you've found a way to explain the behavior of an axiomatic circuit block (the current source) with another one, the resistor. Feels unnecessary in my opinion.