Why arc welding does not require high voltage to arc?
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gas tubes, SCRs, and welder arcs all have negative incremental resistance. This means when conduction begins, the resistance drops like a crowbar and is sustained until the current drops below the holding current.
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thus a typical ambient breakdown voltage for a sharp point of 1kV/mm is the same as 1V/um if the surface is smooth and clean.
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once an arc strikes the path length may increase, by adding inductance a break in current causes the voltage to increase and be sustained
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to maximize power transfer you want plasma resistance equal to the metal resistance but the metal R increases with temperature x12? at 3000'K and higher with white arcs so controlling the gap is crucial to a good TIG weld.
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| mohammadsdtmnd |
Thread: Works for me It explains from above picture of answer verry well. |
Mar 29, 2023 at 07:27 |
It takes high voltage to start the arc. Once started, the air is ionized, and becomes fairly conductive. It then takes much less voltage to keep the current flowing to sustain the arc.
This also explains why you have to touch the terminals together to start the arc. Touching shorts the output, which gets the current flowing to the desired level. At that point the voltage is basically 0. The welder has a large inductor in series, so that the current continues to flow immediately after the terminals are moved apart. That causes the high voltage, which ionizes the air, which allows the voltage to go down again.
This is a case where inductive kickback is actually harnessed to do something useful. As Andy pointed out in a comment, other examples are switching power supplies like boost and flyback converters. Otherwise, we design circuits so that the inductive kickback from abruptly disconnecting a coil flows harmlessly to avoid making high voltage and damaging something.
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| mohammadsdtmnd |
Thread: Works for me It gives detail of answer with example of specific welding rod and type wich is really exciting. Thoough I think it can be better, it's incomplete, I n... |
Mar 29, 2023 at 07:29 |
In addition, welding in general doesn't require high voltage, but rather high current. As Olin explains, the high voltage is only needed to get the shielding gas ionized into a plasma state - then the high current is what keeps it going and hot.
So most welders intentionally reduce the incoming electricity to a much lower voltage, while simultaneously increasing the current. Power = Voltage * Current; when the voltage is reduced, the current can increase for the same power. Since the resistance of a plasma arc is small, it makes sense that more current is needed than voltage. This is how a welder can draw and deliver 240 VAC * 20 A = 4.8kW --> 4.8kW / 40VDC = 120 ADC into the workpiece. The welder is really a power and physics converter - it is converting 4.8kW of AC input power into a DC plasma (heat source) at the workpiece.
Now in stick (SMAW) welding, the "open" voltage can matter. If the "open" voltage is too low, it can be difficult to start and maintain an arc. I forget which, but one of the rod types requires a higher open-circuit voltage than the others. To use that rod type, the welder must support it (usually bigger models.)
Tungsten (TIG) welding is another interesting one. These come in "scratch or lift-start" (lift tip from workpiece to start, just like stick) or "HF start" models. HF start includes a high-voltage "sparker" to start the arc with the tip several mm from the work, saving wear-and-tear on the tungsten. After the arc is started though, the same rules as stick welding apply - which is why most TIG units can also do stick. Interestingly, raising the tip away from the work while the arc is established causes the arc voltage to increase. The result isn't desirable because it puts more thermal power into the workpiece, over a larger area.
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