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Usually, voltage followers are built with bipolar transistors (or with opamps if better precision is needed). In this case, the simple rule says that the transistor emitter "follows" the input vol...
Why has my reputation dropped significantly over-night from around 352 to 316? Why are there a bunch of new people listed with decent reputations who seem to have appeared from nowhere?
Recently, my home suffered a partial power outage, and due to curiosity and a desire to learn more about residential AC power, I'm trying to understand how the event that took place resulted in the...
This application note from Linear Technology discusses oscillations in opamp circuits and some compensation schemes. One method discussed for reducing phase shifts in the loop gain due to the RC ne...
It's not clear what you are really trying to do, but if you're trying to replace the left circuit with the right one, that's a bad idea: The left circuit switches to appear to pass partial volta...
You generally want complementary NPN/PNP pairs when they are used as opposites of each other in the same circuit. One transistor is usually used with opposite polarity as a mirror image of the oth...
I was watching this video by w2aew on the function of ceramic bypass capacitors, and at 6:00 he states that high-frequency currents take the path of least-impedance and make their way to the power ...
First, let's be clear about something. All currents partially take all paths relative to the inverse of the path impedances. It's not an all or nothing function. This "Takes the path of least re...
When should I consider using RTOS in my application? Every microcontroller has a good number of interrupts then what is the need of it?
A few decades ago, I found a digital circuit that squares a 4-bit input in an old textbook (perhaps 1970s or 1980s). (The figure below is not the original. It differs from the original in that it ...
General cause of noise/interference The interference can be distant (such as lightning) or much closer (such as cables connecting "other" equipment) but, whatever the source, interference can be re...
Input offset voltage $V_{OS}$ Your problem might be input offset voltage or $V_{OS}$. This can be several milli-volts and manifests as this modification to your original circuit (in red): - So, fo...
I've taken a part a broken roomba down to the PCB. I can connect the PCB directly to the battery and connect the charging cable & charger to the PCB. I'm wondering if I could post about asking...
In this circuit below the relay circuit part is acting as an inrush current limiter, but I can't understand how it works since the current is flowing in both conditions where the relay is open or c...
There are various different methods to keep common mode currents off the cables, one of them being discussed on the site here and with Olin's decoupling caps post on StackExchange. Slight digressio...
I'm looking for input from anyone with insight in the PLC world. How do PLCs usually measure 4-20mA current loops? I would assume it's one of these two alternatives: Through an external "shunt"...
I have the following problem: - Using Wikipedia I find that during CCM we have the relation: - $$\frac{V_{out}}{V_{in}} = -\frac{D}{1-D} $$Solving for $D$ and inserting values gives me $$D...
There are four things we can do with bad or poorly written questions. In order of seriousness, these are: Leave a comment. Downvote. Close. Delete. The questions you mention have mostly bee...
Somewhat a pity to throw money for an expensive ultra-low capacitance TVS. You have not specified what is the frequency range of your antenna system, but since you say you have to protect it from ...
I have a 30MHz TCXO circuit (TCXO datasheet) like this serving as local oscillator to a RFIC: The RFIC manufacturer recommends to "add filtering caps" for high RF output cases. That is >20d...
Question about relative humidity specification for electronics. Industrial automation, indoors, cabinet or instrument enclosure. The failure mechanisms at the upper limit are fairly intuitive. I'm...
One of the most annoying things about stackexchange has always been the borderline fanatic post closing or duplicate marking. Another question in meta was posed some time ago about the added value ...
Is the answer of 1/c seconds correct It can't possibly be. The question is looking for a time value. "C" is a speed, which has units of distance/time. "1/c" therefore has units of time/distance...
Measuring the resistance of water from my tap I got 500kOhm. Adding considerable amount of salt brought it down to 20kOhm: The question I have is why water is such a danger for short circuits if t...
