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My first knee-jerk reaction was to use opto-isolators. There are some that have been around for decades and are unlikely to go obsolete any time soon. I wasn't previously aware of these "digital ...
It depends on how you define "battery". I guess the definition is different depending on if you are a chemist, an engineer or a consumer. When electrical engineers speak of batteries, they typicall...
It has two female inputs on the backside that are labeled as "Grounding". This is incorrect. Take a closer look at the two connections and you will see that the left is labeled "Antenne" and t...
I am determining the Area-Product of the core required for a transformer to be used within a series resonant converter. The specifications are as follows: Switching frequency = 400 kHz Primary ...
The website that I mentioned before mentions the max flux density in ferrites at 400 kHz as being close to 0.04 T. Is this correct? No, you have misinterpreted the graph. The graph shown is fl...
A loss-less coaxial cable has inductance and capacitance and, their associated formulas introduce $\epsilon$ and $\mu$. But, to home-in on the velocity of propagation, the characteristic impedance ...
I want to know why the top-of-the-line CPUs and GPUs from Intel, NVIDIA, and AMD are all bragging about the fabrication process (7nm and 5nm) and trying to be consistently smaller. At the same tim...
Started writing a comprehensive answer, interrupted by some phone calls, finally finished it...and then accidentally clicked to another page and lost it. Arghh!!! So this answer may not be quite as...
The black one is a tantalum capacitor. There are various weird ways to mark these (because typing out 100u instead of 100- would be too easy...). If I'm correct in this case, I believe: 100 stan...
Consider a device with a microSD card. The microcontroller writes to the SD card periodically. The operators have an ability to remove the microSD card at any time (they will be removing it every...
In a general sinewave as below, is there a "right" way/"standardized" way to measure line frequency - and how do energy meters calculate that? measuring pulse width of half-period, ie. time elap...
Some gentlemen decided to throw a hook with wire over 750kV lines in Belarus. They survived, however, I find in interesting to find out why. Assuming the connection to Earth was solid, there would...
A circuit under question: Why are CY capacitors on the source side, and not on the load side? Henry Ott describes this with: “Because filter attenuation is a function of impedance mismatch, th...
For easy reference and to protect against possible edits to the question, here is the circuit you are asking about: In order to attenuate a signal, you need two impedances. Imagine you had a 0 ...
There is no "standard". Do whatever works best for the situation at hand. In a microcontroller, it's usually easier to measure period than frequency, especially for "low" frequencies like the pow...
At first glance, your design looks reasonable. I assume D1 and D2 are really supposed to be on opposite data lines, and them both being on the A line is a typo? One thing that sticks out to me is...
Problem description & speculation about causes I've having a problem with MAX485 transceivers breaking intermittently, passing our production tests but later failing. The error phenomenon is w...
I'm designing a robust 1-wire output for an IoT board. The interface should be able to withstand high voltage. Mainly the same voltage level as the board power supply. That's 12V to 36V DC. The p...
It's got nothing to do with the MOSFET's miller capacitance. Miller capacitance causes problems in common-source circuits but, your circuit is common-drain (or source follower) hence, with a steady...
Pi filters are often used to block high frequencies between a device and the power line it draws power from. In such applications, the considerations specifying the inductor include: How much powe...
First let's define what a "Pi filter" is: The name comes from the inductor and two caps forming the shape of the Greek letter Π. These filters are used for EMC compliance because they attenuate hi...
Voltage Rating If a device says it needs a particular voltage, then you have to assume it needs that voltage. Both lower and higher could be bad. When no tolerance or input voltage range is specif...
I always have a doubt that how do firmware engineers dump code into a quad flat microcontroller? For a starter kit there is already connection like USB or some SPI ,I2C headers to burn the code,als...
An on-line boost converter calculator Image from this website. The Operating Mode The circuit operates in either of two modes but, the voltage transfer equation is different for each mode. Therefo...
My control system gets a signal representing the plant output, but that signal has a lot of noise on it. The control system goes nuts trying to react to the noise. I need to filter out the noise ...
