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EMPs (electro-magnetic pulses) occur naturally often. Every lightning strike is one example. Larger EMPs have been created artificially with nuclear weapons. The Starfish Prime H-bomb test cause...
I am trying to build an active-low digital isolated switch capable of withstanding 32VDC voltage without creating any damage to the system. This is the snapshot of the circuit not fulfilling the r...
To summarize, it seems you want a circuit that will detect an input voltage high/low with a threshold somewhere between 0 and 3.3 V, must operate correctly with 0-3.3 V input, but must tolerate inp...
First Circuit Let's start by looking at the conventional current mirror circuit: The base of Q1 (Not sure which one that is? Use component designators next time!) is driven to whatever it takes...
I'm trying to modify a LED torch, and there is a DC-DC booster (1.5 V to 3.3 V) and after that some SOT-23 device which (I assume) keeps constant 90 mA current through LED. I know I could remove th...
Your circuit It doesn't make sense that the yellow blob is a current sink: If it were a current sink, then there would be no point to the resistor in series with it. That only wastes power, re...
Assume my oscilloscope is grounded, and the DUT is grounded as well (earth ground). I am using a standard 10 Mohm impedance 1:10 passive probe. So, the ground terminal of the probe is in fact con...
There's lots of specialized tools for various through-hole components overall, all of them generally called "lead benders". For TO-220 it appears that the term is lead bending/forming pliers. And t...
On paper you can measure the input impedance of an amplifier circuit by attaching a voltage source to the input, shorting the output, and calculating the resulting impedance from the voltage and cu...
A different type of solder, other than using lead-based solder, is probably not going to help. There are two causes to your problem: Crappy tips. Higher temperature required due to lead-free sol...
After some research I found some reasoning behind the voltage range: 1500V is sufficient to destroy the somatic nervous system, which is responsible for consciousness and feeling of pain. After ap...
Catching a flyback pulse is actually a rather easy application for a diode. Many of the diode parameters don't matter much. The basics are: Reverse voltage. This is simply the maximum voltage t...
The Codidact team has recently informed us that it is now possible to have different rep bumps on different post types. See this new answer by Monica to the old meta discussion that created the Pa...
Another hardware solution There is another hardware debouncing technique widely used in the past. It is implemented by an SPDT push button driving (buffered by) an RS latch. (ganssle.com) This con...
The microwave oven uses frequencies near some types of WiFi. The very strong radiation created by the oven is meant to stay inside the oven. However, even if only a small fraction gets out, it co...
I am planning to buy an oscilloscope and my applications can be some smps projects, microcontroller based projects,hobbyist projects but not heavy industrial applications.Can I ask questions like w...
I'm adding this as a corollary to Olin's post, in case an exact formula for attenuation is needed. That basic IIR is derived from the exponential moving average, and its impulse response is: $$h[n]...
A MOSFET has its gate, source and drain on the top side [1]. These structures are sitting on top of the substrate, which is also called body or bulk. The source and drain are n-doped, while the...
The key to writing good self-answered Q&A is to try to write the question just as if you didn't know the answer. That is, it has to fulfil the usual quality criteria for normal questions. This ...
In most cases, the common-collector stage (emitter follower) is used as a buffer stage (unity gain). It is, therefore, an independent stage, whose mode of operation should not be determined by the ...
It is common to have a series resistor to limit the current trough an LED. I saw a circuit using the LED driver: stp16cpc26. but instead having the series resistor, they are in parallel. This LED...
I see a lot of common collector amplifiers with the output taken across an emitter resistor. What is the purpose of doing it this way instead of connecting your load directly to the emitter? I sh...
Are BOM/PCB assembly cost cost optimization questions on-topic here? I can see how chasing down specific parts, prices and vendors ought to be off-topic, so I don't mean outright shopping/second so...
1 - Signal 2 - GND 3 - PWR 4 - Signal This seems to be common advice, especially on the 'net someplace, but that doesn't make it good. Stop and actually think about what problem you are trying to s...
Roughly around 27 MHz is the old "CB" (Citizen's Band, 11 meter) frequency block. The advantage of this band is that it is free to use with limited power. This is the band "walkie talkies" used t...
