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Here is a basic diagram of the power feed to your house, according to what the power company said they found: R1 represents the additional series resistance due to the cable being corroded. R2 re...
To understand why complementary pairs are used, it's probably a good idea to think about the limitations of the NPN emitter-follower circuit: - It's a good circuit for delivering modest powers to ...
I am designing a 4-layer PCB that has both analog and digital circuitry throughout it. The analog section involves high return currents as well as ADCs sampling the voltage across sense resistors a...
I have a handheld ARM Cortex M based device, which has a USB input port. The product is battery powered and there is no metal chassis. We are going through CE testing, and are having ESD issues a...
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Repair questions can be on topic if it's about the underlying electronic principles. Just "How do I fix this?" is off topic. There is little wiggle room for trying to repair a consumer device tha...
First, let's redraw the circuit a little more clearly, with logical flow left to right. This also protects the answer from possible changes to the question. As you say, Q1 is a switch to control ...
If the external power supply to a device fails, and I can't get the exact model, what do I need to specify to get the right replacement? I can re-use the old supply's connector, but what about the...
If you search through the electrolytic capacitor offerings from distributors like Farnell, RS, Digikey or Mouser, you find that the maximum life-time rating is commonly quoted as 5,000 or 10,000 ho...
What would be the main considerations to use Pi-filters for EMC? Using the filter correctly and understanding its limitations EMC or EMI (electromagnetic interference) is noted for its high frequ...
I have seen pi-filters using chokes, ferrite-beads, and plain inductors as the L-element What are the main differences between them? when use one or other?
I'm trying to drive a relay according to a 5 V digital signal, using this circuit: It works for a while, but then the transistor fails. When I replace the transistor, it works for a while again, ...
The reason the transistor is dying is because you didn't put a flyback diode across the relay coil. Relay coils have significant inductance. This means the current can't change instantly without t...
My control system gets a signal representing the plant output, but that signal has a lot of noise on it. The control system goes nuts trying to react to the noise. I need to filter out the noise ...
I'm trying to understand a circuit for driving a LED found on a board I purchased. Below is the circuit driven by an I/O pin (HS2) of a small 3.3V processor. The HS2 pin is driven by the I/O wi...
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Hi there! The on-topic page https://electrical.codidact.com/help/topics might need a bit of tweaking and discussion. I think it is important that such a page attempts to be as specific as possible ...
For any 2nd order low pass filter, the components (R, L and C for electrical and k, M and c for mechanical) can be reduced into two more meaningful quantities: - $\zeta$ (the damping ratio) $\omeg...
When should a transformer core be potted? Should it be potted at all? For this type of job, you would pot the transformer when you can't obtain the necessary creepage and clearance between the...
An important formula in physics is one that relates the speed of an EM wave (c for instance) with the magnetic permeability and electric permittivity of the medium. In short: - $$c = \dfrac{1}{\sq...
[I used to work at Microchip.] Is it [node size] at all important [for power management ICs] ? For power conversion ICs cutting edge MOSFETs on the scale of 5nm aren't important, because powe...
Suppose I have a planar PCB transformer. The primary and secondary coils are printed on different PCBs. The core is inserted through these PCBs to link the two coils. The primary is at a low voltag...
I'm working on another project with extreme EMC requirements as per various notorious military EMC standards. Civilian product but for military use, and as such subject to the toughest levels of co...
A definitive answer is hard to give, since the information is not easily available. However, after a bit of research I'm inclined to believe that the most common materials are copper, copper alloys...
Do micro-RF connector mating crimp connectors are ever sold separately together with a crimp tool? For example this I have looked through a lot of pages, and can only find PCB connectors + cable a...
