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EMG consists of an electrode gel skin interface, op-amps with a certain gain and an ADC. Question is in the context of passive electrodes. What are the essential safety features of such types of h...
Power switches used in automotive are usually rated to withstand clamped load dump events, of the 35 - 40 V peak variety. AFAICT there are two main clamping mechanisms - first one for the logic par...
In EMG there is a certain level of thermal noise created at the electrode-gel-skin interface which depends on the skin-electrode impedance (also known as source impedance). I have been able get th...
A taper pad is a resistive attenuator that maintains impedances on both ports and provides a specific amount of gain-loss ($A_{12}$): - I have derived formulas for each resistor (that I know to ...
Currently, I enrolled myself in a master's course this fall in the field of Computer Engineering. I am excited to create my microcontroller projects. I want to understand how much complexity is exp...
Got a question about hazardous breakpoints in real-time firmware. Does C have a mechanism which lets me mark a section of code such that breakpoints are somehow ignored or not allowed just in that...
Sometimes cables between utility poles make a loop and do a U-turn. What is the purpose of such loops? The loop I'm asking about is in the lower set of wires towards the left of the picture. The...
Recently I have heard this opinion from experienced engineers when discussing PCB design software. The common opinion was that Allegro and Altium are supposedly professional programs whereas Eagle ...
I thought I understood the theory of scattering parameters, smith charts etc. until I tried a practical example. The following stupid example is supposed to be a microstrip line shunted by two 100...
If we have the transfer function of a LC high pass filter: $H(s) = \frac{sL}{sL+\frac{1}{sC}}$ If we want to find the pole of that filter in the end we get: $s = \frac{j}{\sqrt{LC}}$ and for a ...
I have learnt that if we have 2 parallel conductive plates and we seperate them the capacitance is increased if we put a good conductor between the plates. Now the resonant frequency of a inductor...
I have a 30MHz TCXO circuit (TCXO datasheet) like this serving as local oscillator to a RFIC: The RFIC manufacturer recommends to "add filtering caps" for high RF output cases. That is >20d...
I have just started learning about thermal noise in op-amps and while studying could not find if the noise given in op-amps data sheets is random sample to sample regardless of the time interval be...
Assume my oscilloscope is grounded, and the DUT is grounded as well (earth ground). I am using a standard 10 Mohm impedance 1:10 passive probe. So, the ground terminal of the probe is in fact con...
I'm designing a board that contains a cortex-M4 mcu working at 120MHz, and an ethernet bus with a wiznet chip that communicates with SPI. The ethernet chip gives me a phy output that goes directly...
Hi guys, I need to calculate the voltage that will center the magnetic field of a coil. The coil gonna be used in an induction heater thank you. Edit: I edited the paragraph because it was misu...
I want to create a schematic symbol and reuse it for multiple ICs which have identical pinouts. For example, OpaMPS, or the venerable SN74LS00, SN74HC00, SN74HCT00. How can I do this in an Altium...
Homework problem A MOSFET has a power dissipation of $P_{d} = 10\text{W}$. The MOSFET is mounted on a heatsink. There is an isolation pad between the MOSFET case and the heatsink. We are given t...
I am studying for a test in control systems and we have a practical part which is to program a analog computer. Here is a picture of the analog computer: The variable resistor is basically a vo...
According to Signal processing and linear systems by Lathi, the transfer function $H(j\omega)$ does not exist for systems with poles in the RHP: - This makes sense to me, since $H(j\omega) = \fr...
Assume we have a channel and send 7-bit data(0100100) asynchronously with 1 parity bit(0).Suppose the start bit is 1.The end bits are in the same logic level with the idle state of the channel(0).H...
Intro Hi everyone, I have a question about the practical use of a PTC (positive thermal coefficient) resettable fuse. I've never used one before, but I'd like to add one to a DC motor circuit to p...
Suppose we have this graph: How can we find the operating point (Q)?In common emitter collector we just draw a line from the vertical axis (Ic) at the point (0,VCC/RC) to the horizontal axis a...
The question being asked Ultimately, I want to know why the output voltage wasn't the expected (via calculation) 11.72V when the estimated drop-out voltage at the ~0.1A load was about 200mV. The i...
I want 3 SMPS (AC-DC) : Vout/Iout - 5V/20A , 12V/75A , 24V/30A Vin (AC) ~ 220V/50Hz I want it such that I can use Hard & Soft Kill Switches for turning off. Can you help me with the same. I tho...
I'm designing remote controller based on NRF24L01 and STM32. I want to use SMA antenna. My question is regarding power amplifier (PA). When is it necessary to use one? The range I'm aiming for is 2...
I have a design of a power line communication using the following IC. https://www.yamar.com/datasheet/DS-SIG60.pdf My design is the same as the example circuit in the datasheet of the chip. Th...
I am having a difficult time picturing the flow of current and the role of the capacitor during the OFF time of a buck converter. Here is my understanding so far. During the ON time the magnetic fi...
I have a battery pack that consists of 18650 battery cells(14 cells in series max.). Hence, the voltage of the battery pack will be between 35V and 60V(to be on the safe side) I am designing a BMS...
This question is asked in an addition to https://electrical.codidact.com/posts/276436 Here is a Flyback converter mentioned there: Design parameters are: Input voltage 125 volts Output volt...
My goal is to make an RC car, and I have a couple of questions regarding driving the brushed DC motor. Schematic for half of my H-bridge looks like this for now (it will be identical on the other s...
I have a question about this circuit:(critically damped oscillation) For a critically damped oscillation for a series RLC circuit the equation of current has this form I(t)=D1te^(-at)+D2e^(-at) ...
How to find the equation of current of the RLC circuit after the switch is moved?
How to find the equation of voltage of the top common node of R1,L1 and C1 after the switch is moved?
Can we make a n-bit subtractor using full subtractors or if we want do subtract one binary from another we must use full adders and use the complement of the 2nd number to do the subtraction? I ha...
If we want to divide two numbers I have problem implementing this logic.I am posting 1 images with 2 different steps to the solution. In example a) the most significant digits of the divident >...
I have a problem which I don’t understand how to solve. I have this 2-bit adder, but when I select A1AO to be (11)2 3 and B1BO to be (11)2 3 and run it on Logisim it doesn’t show me 6. Instead it s...
Suppose we have this stream of data.Let's assume the data stream lasts 1 sec. How do we find the bandwidth of the data?Do we Fourier transform the signal in order to find its components in the ...
Before the circuit here are the digital blocks which have been already designed and exist as part of the division block 1 bit subtractor: 2 bit subtractor(in the digital block diagram of the di...
Here is the bootstrapping technique for opamps, as exposed in the Art of Electronics:. This technique is supposed to increase considerably the input impedance of the opamp for an AC input source (...
What is the concept behind the dynamic resistance that often pops up when dealing with non-linear components and the circuits in which they are employed? Is the concept related to other terms like...
I know that in transistors there is base, collector and emitter, and in FETs there is gate, drain and source, but what is the fourth grounded connection opposite the gate in this NMOS circuit?
I am using two 18650 cells in series to power a RC car. Is the voltage goes below 6.2 V, the battery should be disconnected to prevent over discharging the battery. At the same time I want to imple...
When recording an ECG signal, the raw signal is taken from the body and sent into an ECG amplifier to amplify the signal to a suitable range and remove common mode and other types of noise. Measur...
Design a suitable experiment and an AC circuit to verify Thevenin's theorem when the load is a single-phase induction motor with a capacitive start and two supplies feed the load. Ratings of load:...
I have been observing these little cases hanging to the wires from a long time. They are almost everywhere here in India, but I was unable to find out what they are. I am not sure whether they are...
A full wave rectifier converts a sine wave to DC pulsed signal of double frequency. Is there a circuit which does the reverse process?
I need a Sine Wave Oscillator circuit that can allow me to control its frequency with a microcontroller. Until now all the topologies that I have found if the frequency is changed, a change in the ...
I have the following problem: - Using Wikipedia I find that during CCM we have the relation: - $$\frac{V_{out}}{V_{in}} = -\frac{D}{1-D} $$Solving for $D$ and inserting values gives me $$D...
I have recently finished designing a buck-boost converter for a job that uses a split (+/-) input power supply. Load power is taken equally from both positive and negative input supplies and, the ...
