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Q&A

General Q&A about the design and function of electronic systems, electric power systems and infrastructure, their theory, and tools specific to those fields. Read these guidelines before posting.

Filters (None)
28%
+0 −3
Electromagnetic induction

If I connect a battery to an LC tank and then to an antenna and then on the other side at a distance x, I connect an antenna to another LC tank and this to a diode and this to an LED, Do a I have a...

1 answer  ·  posted 3y ago by Voyager ll universe probe‭  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

alternating-current antenna communication circuit-analysis
71%
+3 −0
SDR SDRAM PCB Timing Budget

I am working on routing a microprocessor to two identical single data rate (SDR) SDRAM chips that are PC166 compliant, particularly Alliance AS4C16M16SB-6TIN. The 16 bit SDRAM chips are combined t...

1 answer  ·  posted 2y ago by DavidE‭  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

high-speed pcb-layout
75%
+4 −0
4-Layer PCB Routing Question

I am designing a 4-layer PCB that has both analog and digital circuitry throughout it. The analog section involves high return currents as well as ADCs sampling the voltage across sense resistors a...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by jm567‭  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

PCB mixed-signal-circuit
71%
+3 −0
Bypass Caps and High Frequency Current Return Path

I was watching this video by w2aew on the function of ceramic bypass capacitors, and at 6:00 he states that high-frequency currents take the path of least-impedance and make their way to the power ...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by jm567‭  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

alternating-current bypass-capacitor
50%
+1 −1
What is the role of the differential amplifier in a delta sigma converter?

A differential amplifier amplifies the difference between the two input voltages but suppresses any voltage common to the two inputs. Based on this scheme the differential amplifier is substrac...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by Pacifist‭  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

differential-amplifier ADC
57%
+2 −1
ESD Protection - Differential Amplifier

More about the circuit The circuit is sensing (low side sensing for many reasons) current used to power up the lights with 28V(part of the schematics not shown here -> relay with LC filter ...

3 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by 2kind‭  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

ESD-protection TVS opamp circuit-design
70%
+5 −1
How Relay inrush current limiter works?

In this circuit below the relay circuit part is acting as an inrush current limiter, but I can't understand how it works since the current is flowing in both conditions where the relay is open or c...

1 answer  ·  posted 2y ago by deleted user  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

relay protection circuit-analysis inrush-current
66%
+2 −0
How to change the polarity of an input using a single switch?

I have an mcu pin and I want to sense a voltage up to 24V to 36V. I want to connect some outputs on the board I'm designing and I don't know whether those outputs will provide a voltage or will be...

1 answer  ·  posted 2y ago by DeadMouse‭  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

microcontroller BJT
75%
+4 −0
What is the difference between rise/fall time and Turn-On/off Delay Time?

Hi guys so recently i was looking for a mosfet and a gate drivers and between a lot of their specification the rise/fall time and Turn-On/off Delay Time sometime it called propagation. My question...

2 answers  ·  posted 2y ago by deleted user  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

transistor-switch rise-time MOSFET-gate-driver
66%
+2 −0
Diode like a frequency mixer

Based on this paper on Wiki a diode can be described as a frequency mixer due to the exponential relationship between current and voltage.What I don't get from which point to which point do we meas...

1 answer  ·  posted 3y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

mixer semiconductor-diode VI-characteristics
66%
+2 −0
Diodes used in mixers

Suppose we have this circuit which is supposed to be an unbalanced frequency mixer. But how does the diode generate a signal with new frequencies at the output?

2 answers  ·  posted 3y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

mixer semiconductor-diode
50%
+0 −0
How do "O-ring circuit" differ from an "ORing circuit" or "OR-ing circuit", or are they synonyms? [closed]

I've seen a few different circuits (a) (b) (c) (d) described as "an O-ring circuit" or "an optimal O-ring circuit". What does the "O" and the "ring" refer to in such circuits? How do "O-ring circ...

0 answers  ·  posted 3y ago by DavidCary‭  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

power-supply semiconductor-diode power-sharing
25%
+1 −7
Identification of semiconducting electrical components

We identify semiconducting electrical components this way: The first digit represents the number of pn junctions inside the semiconducting device The two or more digit number starting at position...

1 answer  ·  posted 3y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

identification semiconductor-device
60%
+1 −0
Adding resistance to varactor circuit

If we a varactor and we want to control let's say the resonant frequency of the circuit ,in my schematic we must add R1 correct?Else we create a low resistance path for current to flow not through ...

2 answers  ·  posted 3y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

alternating-current capacitance varicap-diode
77%
+5 −0
What should be considered when picking a flyback diode?

Which are the parameters I should looking for when picking a flyback diode to be placed across a generic coil, such as a relay? That is: a coil with plain on/off functionality, for example a 24VDC ...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Lundin‭  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

semiconductor-diode circuit-design snubber-diode snubber-circuit
77%
+5 −0
Is it possible to use two zener diodes in series back to back to replace a diac?

I've accidentally burnt my dimmer with a short. It is a common dimmer with a triac/diac/pot of the simplest configuration (the triac is a BTA16). After replacing the triac, this still does not work...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by coquelicot‭  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

TRIAC DIAC Zener-diode repair
71%
+3 −0
Amplifier compensation with added resistor across opamp input terminals

This application note from Linear Technology discusses oscillations in opamp circuits and some compensation schemes. One method discussed for reducing phase shifts in the loop gain due to the RC ne...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by rpm_2718‭  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

feedback stability opamp
66%
+2 −0
How do I calculate and manipulate the inductance and capacitance of outputs to a connector on a PCB?

I am designing a PCB that has to have class 1 div 1 associated apparatus (only the outputs to the sensor) certification. Essentially, I am using a boost converter to convert the voltage from a lith...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Hawk2020‭  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

boost-converter LC-network intrinsic-safety connector
75%
+4 −0
Chokes, Beads and Inductors in Pi-filters

I have seen pi-filters using chokes, ferrite-beads, and plain inductors as the L-element What are the main differences between them? when use one or other?

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by zeke‭  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

EMC pi-filter inductor
75%
+4 −0
Is a BJT 3-transistor Wilson mirror faster than a simple mirror?

My question is trying to understand if there is an effect on the switching time, on both turn-on and turn-off, between the following configurations. A mirror set up to switch a current, and there ...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by Pete W‭  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

current-mirror BJT Wilson-mirror
57%
+2 −1
How building a follower satisfying rather extreme requirements.

What is your best suggestion for building a follower that would ideally satisfy the following spec: frequency: from 100 Hz (or lower) to 1 GHz input signal impedance: 1 Mohm input signal ampli...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by coquelicot‭  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

transistor opamp voltage-follower circuit-design
71%
+3 −0
Thévenins Theorem for Transistor Circuit

I am calculating the base current of transistor Q1. To simplify the circuit equations, I applied the Thévenin's theorem twice and converted V1, R1 and R2 into Vth and Rth, as shown in the image. ...

2 answers  ·  posted 3y ago by kadamrohan16‭  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

transistor BJT circuit-analysis Thevenin-theorem
83%
+8 −0
Technique to reset pulse transformer core quickly

I am analysing a pulse transformer which is required to transfer below communication protocol pulse from primary to the secondary side. The pulse duration is 32 μs and off time available to reset t...

2 answers  ·  posted 2y ago by kadamrohan16‭  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

transformer communication pulse-transformer core-saturation
77%
+5 −0
PNP Darlington pair as a current limiter

I am trying to analyse what is controlling the load current in the below Darlington configuration. Is it the base current of transistor Q3 which is controlling current through R14 / emitter curr...

1 answer  ·  posted 3y ago by kadamrohan16‭  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

power-supply BJT circuit-analysis
71%
+3 −0
LED with a parallel resistor

It is common to have a series resistor to limit the current trough an LED. I saw a circuit using the LED driver: stp16cpc26. but instead having the series resistor, they are in parallel. This LED...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by zeke‭  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

LED-driver
71%
+3 −0
Name of this current limiting device

I'm trying to modify a LED torch, and there is a DC-DC booster (1.5 V to 3.3 V) and after that some SOT-23 device which (I assume) keeps constant 90 mA current through LED. I know I could remove th...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Juraj Lonc‭  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

identification LED-driver
71%
+3 −0
Purpose of emitter resistor in a common collector amplifier

I see a lot of common collector amplifiers with the output taken across an emitter resistor. What is the purpose of doing it this way instead of connecting your load directly to the emitter? I sh...

4 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by jm567‭  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

transistor amplifier CC-amplifier
66%
+2 −0
Select resistor for a diode

Suppose we have this circuit How do I pick a appropriate value for the resistor R1?

3 answers  ·  posted 3y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

LED-driver
33%
+1 −4
Floating circuitry and diodes

In both cases, is the "X" point floating when there is no 12V applied ?

1 answer  ·  posted 1y ago by kellogs‭  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

semiconductor-diode circuit-analysis
50%
+0 −0
Modelling tunnel diode relaxation oscillator

I have been trying to model this oscillator I was wondering if we can somehow predict the frequency of the oscillations.For small currents inside a diode from the Shockley diode equation $$ e^{x...

1 answer  ·  posted 2y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

oscillator tunnel-diode
50%
+0 −0
Tunnel current equation

The current through the tunnel diode is: where $I_{f}$ is the current from the Shockley diode equation and $I_{tunnel}$ is the tunnel current. Is there an expression for the tunnel current or i...

0 answers  ·  posted 3y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

semiconductor-diode tunnel-diode
62%
+3 −1
How to plot the I-V curve of a tunnel diode?

I am trying to understand tunnel diodes by experimenting with them. Research tells me they can have negative resistance, and can be used to build a high frequency oscillator. Tunnel diodes are su...

4 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by tlfong01‭  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

semiconductor-diode tunnel-diode component-characterization
84%
+9 −0
Why do DC/DC switching controllers seem to favour the buck-boost topology over similar ones like Cuk, SEPIC and Zeta?

I am looking at various DC/DC converter topologies for a power system I am designing. The most suitable topology for me is one that can perform both step-up and step-down functions, so I am looking...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Mu3‭  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

power-converter component-selection DC-DC-conversion buck-boost-converter
71%
+3 −0
Flyback converter design

Hi guys,I'm designing a multiple output flyback converter with 2 outputs at 10v@1 Amp and 5v @ 2 Amps .Input is 20 V dc Im having some problem with the implementation of closed loop. Open loop res...

2 answers  ·  posted 3y ago by Sriram14‭  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

flyback-converter SMPS DC-DC-conversion
25%
+0 −4
DC-DC converter using Hartley oscillator and transformer [closed]

Instead of using a buck or a boost converter can we use for DC-DC conversion the circuit Im going to describe in the next lines? First we begin with a Hartley oscillator whose output is fed into ...

0 answers  ·  posted 2y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

transformer voltage DC-DC-conversion
75%
+4 −0
Design considerations for a synchronous DC/DC converter

In the field of DC/DC conversion, one can build a synchronous DC/DC converter (also referred to as synchronous rectification). This practice involves replacing a diode with a MOSFET switch. As far...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Mu3‭  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

power-supply voltage-regulator DC-DC-conversion
60%
+1 −0
Max V/Hz value for motor

I want to run a specific motor in the open loop. How to calculate the maximum ratio of V/f to run it? Am I looking at Ld or Lq value for this? Let's say these are the characteristics - haven't ch...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by 2kind‭  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

motor control PMSM BLDC-motor
60%
+1 −0
Estimating the input capacitance of an BLDC motor controller

Problem Description I am trying to design a BLDC inverter and I am in doubt of what would be the right approach for estimating the input capacitor size/type. Doing it empirically or throwing every...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by 2kind‭  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

capacitance inverter BLDC-motor
75%
+4 −0
Limiting current to DC brushed motor

This question is related to my previous question. I want to drive a brushed DC motor using H-bridge. To power the motor two 18650 cells will be used in series. The issue is that I want to limit th...

1 answer  ·  posted 3y ago by Stefan‭  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

H-Bridge motor DC-motor
20%
+0 −6
Band pass filter given cutoff frequency and bandwidth

I have decided to try design a band-pass filter with a cut-off frequency of 10kHz and bandwidth of 2 Hz. $$ \frac{1}{\sqrt{LC}} = 10001 \rightarrow LC = 1/100020001 sec^{2}$$ $$ \frac{R}{L} = 2...

2 answers  ·  posted 2y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

filter band-pass-filter
71%
+3 −0
Cable voltage rating

I was looking for guidelines of how to select appropriate cables for applications (I am interested in DC), I found IEC 183 standard which talks about high voltage cable selection for AC. Also, the ...

1 answer  ·  posted 2y ago by Elleanor Lopez‭  ·  last activity 1y ago by Sclrx‭

voltage cable
20%
+0 −6
Electrolytic vs ceramic capacitors about self-resonance frequency

Which capacitors have smaller self resonance frequency?I would bet my money on electrolytic capacitors because they are usually much bigger than the ceramic capacitors however I don't know if they...

1 answer  ·  posted 3y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

electrolytic-capacitor capacitance inductance ceramic-capacitors resonance
33%
+0 −2
Voltage of tank circuit is invalid

In a previous question we found that for a critically damped oscillation: $$ I(t) = 2 t e^{-0.5 t} $$But if we integrate to find the voltage through the capacitor: $$ V_{CO} + \frac{1}{C} \cd...

1 answer  ·  posted 3y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

voltage tank-circuit
71%
+3 −0
Two way circuit breaking capability for ideal diode controllers

I would like to save some costs with ideal diode controllers. Basic requirement is for the diode controller to block overcurrents (short circuits) in both directions. The MAX16141A IC can do it a...

1 answer  ·  posted 1y ago by kellogs‭  ·  edited 1y ago by kellogs‭

MOSFET IC ideal-diode ORing short-circuit
75%
+4 −0
Capacitor in 2nd stage of opamp

Inside a op-amp after the stage where the differential signal is converted to single ended , there is further amplification of the DC signal.For AC signals there is a capacitor parallel to the tran...

1 answer  ·  posted 3y ago by MissMulan‭  ·  last activity 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

capacitor voltage opamp
66%
+2 −0
Digital multimeter display count range

The display counts range is one of the digital multimeter characteristics. We know that a DMM is based on an analog/digital converter, and we know too that each ADC has a certain resolution in bit...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by Pacifist‭  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

ADC display count DMM
71%
+3 −0
Is it possible to calculate the rise/fall time of an operational amplifier ?

I am planning to use the LM318 operational amplifier to generate a PWM signal and I need to know how to calculate the rise/fall time. LM318/LM218/LM118 datasheet -The slew rate is 70 V/µs maximum...

1 answer  ·  posted 2y ago by deleted user  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

opamp rise-time fall-time
60%
+1 −0
Darlington or Sziklai configuration - why and when using complementary pairs?

Why does the Darlington or Sziklai configurations need complementary transistors? For these configurations, when should I use complementary pairs and when could I use not complementary pairs ?

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by coquelicot‭  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

transistor Darlington complementary-Darlington electronics-basic-building-block
57%
+2 −1
What is causing this massive discharge traveling down a power line?

What is causing this [ABC-news video via Twitter] spectacular power-line phenomenon? [image: still from ABC News]

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by Pete W‭  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

power-grid electromagnetism
75%
+4 −0
Why Ib=const. for BJT output characteristics Ic=f(Vce)

Introduction: In some books and other technical papers (also from universities) it is - surprisingly - still claimed that the bipolar transistor (BJT) would be a current-controlled element. This is...

4 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by LvW‭  ·  edited 1y ago by Lorenzo Donati‭

transistor