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For my own understanding I tried modelling switching off an inductive load without a freewheeling diode to observe ringing. This is the model I used: 1.) Are the two main components of the reson...
I am currently learning amplifier design, after constructing the unity gain amplifier(which is a differential-input single-ended-output amplifier) in the unity-gain feedback configuration I have pe...
There are circuits that require matched transistors. Whether BJTs or FETs. Like current mirrors, logarithmic amplifiers, etc.. There are some examples: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DUlugLSroN8...
I’d like to create a stable IR LED light source. I’ve read that LED efficiency changes with temperature. I’ve seen two designs which used feedback through light to correct the LED temperature dri...
Consider a device with a microSD card. The microcontroller writes to the SD card periodically. The operators have an ability to remove the microSD card at any time (they will be removing it every...
Problem description & speculation about causes I've having a problem with MAX485 transceivers breaking intermittently, passing our production tests but later failing. The error phenomenon is w...
I'm working on an energy harvesting circuit known as an in-house harvesting circuit (cc-ih) and would appreciate some guidance on implementing it in Simscape within Simulink. Circuit Description: ...
In a general sinewave as below, is there a "right" way/"standardized" way to measure line frequency - and how do energy meters calculate that? measuring pulse width of half-period, ie. time elap...
Hello,I want to simulate a delayed pulse going from 74ABT04 to the load which is UCC5304 where load with 400K i think. but my pulse source 74ABT04 is not an idial voltage source as shown in the s...
Suppose I have a planar PCB transformer. The primary and secondary coils are printed on different PCBs. The core is inserted through these PCBs to link the two coils. The primary is at a low voltag...
May I know how to calculate a signals rise time from it's frequency. I found this article for the same. The formula given is Tr = 1/f*π. May I know is this applicable for PWM also.
I benchtested below 0.7A constant current source circuit and observed few cycles of oscillation on drain current. With the help of bode plot analysis , I have managed to reduce the oscillations on ...
Question about relative humidity specification for electronics. Industrial automation, indoors, cabinet or instrument enclosure. The failure mechanisms at the upper limit are fairly intuitive. I'm...
I was analyzing the design a hazard warning light.The spec of the light turn on off is given below. The flashing-light frequency shall be 90+/-30 times per minute. May I know in this case the...
Based on reading the All About Circuits article on IEPE sensors there are two general types of circuits integrated into this class of sensors: voltage amplifier and charge amplifier. This question...
Power switches used in automotive are usually rated to withstand clamped load dump events, of the 35 - 40 V peak variety. AFAICT there are two main clamping mechanisms - first one for the logic par...
For my test bench I need an inductor (aka "reactor") that meets the requirements below. I have tried to purchase it outright as a made-up item, or the parts to make it (core and windings), but have...
I'm having trouble using the nodal equations to determine the base voltage Vb1 in the circuit below. I've attempted to write seven equations below, but not able to fit them in entirely. (12-Vx)...
I have just started learning about thermal noise in op-amps and while studying could not find if the noise given in op-amps data sheets is random sample to sample regardless of the time interval be...
I'm Interested In Power Circuit. What Courses/Guidelines To I Need To Properly and Effectively Under Power Circuits??
Most CAD packages use a "symbol" and "footprint" library approach when it comes to designing schematics and PCBs. Some (like recent versions of Altium) have "component" libraries where symbols and ...
I have an ordinary consumer-grade standby UPS with, I believe, ample power for the devices connected to it.[1] It's five years old. For the second time in about a month, I've found my computer po...
I have an mcu pin and I want to sense a voltage up to 24V to 36V. I want to connect some outputs on the board I'm designing and I don't know whether those outputs will provide a voltage or will be...
Mini-circuits LNA PHA-LN13+ has suggested: Eval board Layout Eval Gerber The image took from the Gerber file (3rd ref.) (Though all 3-reference mentioned containing it): There I have som...
I got a vintage ('64) hifi sideboard for Christmas! It's super awesome. However, I don't understand the grounding. It has two female inputs on the backside that are labeled as "Grounding". There w...
I intend to build a high-power series LC resonant circuit for the purpose of generating strong magnetic fields at a wide range of frequencies, mostly audio range (1-5000 Hz). The inductor coil is a...
Can a circuit board be waterproof enough to form a wall of a waterproof enclosure? Regular PCBs made of FR-4 with solder mask is what I have in mind. But I'm not barring less common PCB materials...
I have been watching this video and at 3:28 it says that a induction is inherently self-starting.Does this happen because of the energy stored and released in the windings of the statorFrom 3:41 u...
What effect does an oscillator potentially have on a SPI clk signal if the oscillator is on the top layer, with GND and VCC layer in between on a four layer board. I know running it on the same lay...
Do micro-RF connector mating crimp connectors are ever sold separately together with a crimp tool? For example this I have looked through a lot of pages, and can only find PCB connectors + cable a...
We use a DC externally excited generator/motor as a generator.We excite the input of the generator and get at the output 10V at 1Wb flux and at 5rps generator speed without connecting the generator...
Hello, I want to understand the math of the phenomena of capacitor as temporarary means of increasing the current supply. First I have created a current limited voltage source which give me 45V a...
I've tryed to implement a local ground concept told by Olin Latrop here : He have told: (What I've perceived)You should not connect every gnd point instantly to gnd plane, since it can inject HF ...
For high-speed digital communication busses, what attributes do you generally advise to add to a PCB to help with validating the communication bus as well as troubleshooting the design? In particu...
I am working with an IC that uses a partially intergrated regulated charge pump. The circuit looks like this: It behaves like a voltage doubler. However, when looking at other regulated charge p...
EMG consists of an electrode gel skin interface, op-amps with a certain gain and an ADC. Question is in the context of passive electrodes. What are the essential safety features of such types of h...
I want to know why the top-of-the-line CPUs and GPUs from Intel, NVIDIA, and AMD are all bragging about the fabrication process (7nm and 5nm) and trying to be consistently smaller. At the same tim...
I understand that white noise is not always Gaussian. In general, is the $V_{pp}$ and $V_{RMS}$ noise stated in operational amplifier and ADC datasheets Gaussian? And is its mean zero? Any exemptio...
When recording an ECG signal, the raw signal is taken from the body and sent into an ECG amplifier to amplify the signal to a suitable range and remove common mode and other types of noise. Measur...
An important formula in physics is one that relates the speed of an EM wave (c for instance) with the magnetic permeability and electric permittivity of the medium. In short: - $$c = \dfrac{1}{\sq...
Lets say I power an oscillator by a non-rechargable battery. Lets imagine a generic design with LC-circuit and negative resistance created by some transistor circuit. To me it seems that at certai...
I am trying to figure out what is causing an Allegro A2982 source driver to burn up. The source driver (A2982) is connected to the coil of a Panasonic TXS2-9V relay. The source driver and coil ar...
Why can the channel capacity C of the additive white gaussion noise (AWGN) channel be denoted in different ways and how do they relate to each other? Examples: C = (1/2) * log2(1 + SNR) [bit?] ...
What does it mean for signals to have impedance? To me, impedance is kinda like an "extended resistance" that also includes phase shift $$Z = R + jX $$It makes sense to me that components like cap...
I would like to convert 5V rail I have on PCB to ±12V. Existing solution is using boost converter 5V to 12V, and a buck for 5V to -12V. This feels bulky for what it's needed - here are the requirem...
Is there a scientific way to estimate the resistance of a pogo pin? If it was a solid cylinder or wire one could calculate the resistance: R = ρ × L / A But a pogo pin is hollow inside, the sp...
Hello,i need to drive 5 mosfets as shown below. Each mosfet draws 15A when the pulse opens the mosfet. My power supply is gives the 48V but only 3.3A,If I understand correctly I need to put very...
I am using the AD620 as instrumentation amplifier to amplify the body's ECG signal. An ECG is a differential signal (measured with two electrodes) and I want a differential gain of Gd=1000 . The ...
In protocol I2S we have 3 signal + one none standard master clock(Mentioined by Olin Lathrop): 1.data 2.lrck/fck (frame synchronizer) 3.bck (bit clock) 4.mck/sck (master clock) Question 1: Why we...
I'm working on another project with extreme EMC requirements as per various notorious military EMC standards. Civilian product but for military use, and as such subject to the toughest levels of co...
